Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo–larval bioassays

Bellas, Juan; Saco-Álvarez, Liliana; Nieto, Óscar; Beiras, Ricardo

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.039

Cited by 108 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In this work, phenanthrene and naphthalene did not show enhanced toxicity to turbot larvae under artificial visible light. There were no significant differences in the effect of concentrations between presence and absence of light for those two PAHs, in agreement with Bellas et al (2008). However, significant light-darkness differences were found for pyrene and fluoranthene (p < 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fishPsetta maxima

Mhadhbi

Boumaïza²,

Beiras

2010

Aquat. Living Resour.

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-Fish tests must be developed for both regulatory and conservation reasons, as such testing forms an indispensable component of integrated toxicity testing strategy for the marine environment. To standardise a fish embryo test, the acute toxicity of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to early life stages (ELS) of turbot (Psetta maxima) was studied. Embryos were exposed to dilutions of cooper, cadmium, mercury, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene and naphthalene in darkness and under visible light. Hatching success, yolk sac alterations, pericardial edema, skeletal deformities and mortality were observed. The effective concentrations (EC 50 , EC 10 ,) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) were determined at the end of the bioassays. Exposure to metals and PAHs in ecologically relevant concentrations, either in darkness or under artificial light, caused significant lethal and sublethal effects in turbot, such as alterations in yolk sac, pericardial edema and skeletal abnormalities. According to the 96 h EC 50 , the ranking of acute toxicity for metals was respectively: 47.4 (46.8-59.2) μg L pyrene, 12.3 (6.4-12.7) μg L −1 fluoranthene, 52.2 (30.4-82.7) μg L −1 phenanthrene, and 142 (55-228) μg L −1 naphthalene. Pyrene was consistently the most toxic PAH. In addition, light exposures were performed and photo-enhanced toxicity was found only for fluoranthene and pyrene. Turbot embryos were found to be more tolerant to metals and PAHs than were hatched larvae. These results suggest that, considering the short duration of the ELS turbot test and its high sensitivity, it is suitable for use as a standard test for marine fish.Key words: PAH / Metal bioavaibility / Acute toxicity / Embryo / Larva / Bioassay / Fish Résumé -Des tests de toxicité doivent être développés sur les poissons en vue de la conservation et la régulation de l'environnement marin. Afin de standardiser un test sur des embryons de poisson, la toxicité de métaux et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques sur les premiers stades de développement (ELS) est étudiée chez le turbot (Psetta maxima). Les embryons sont exposés à des solutions de cuivre, cadmium, mercure, fluoranthène, phénanthrène, pyrène et naphthalène en obscurité et à la lumière. Les éclosions, les altérations du sac vitellin, oedèmes du péricarde, déformations du squelette et mortalités sont étudiés. Les concentrations effectives (EC 50 , EC 10 ), ou non (NOEC) et les concentrations minimums provoquant un effet (LOEC) sont déterminées à la fin des essais biologiques. Les expositions aux métaux et hydrocarbures aromatiques en concentrations écologiquement plausibles, soit en obscurité, soit en lumière artificielle, causent des effets létaux et sublétaux significatifs chez le turbot, telles que des altérations du sac vitellin, et des anomalies du squelette. D'après EC 50 (96 h), la toxicité des métaux est la suivante, classée en ordre croissant : 47,4 (46,8-59,2) μg L −1 Cu ; 51,5 (20,9-91,7) μg L −1 Cd, et 83,2 (...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fishPsetta maxima

Mhadhbi

Boumaïza²,

Beiras

2010

Aquat. Living Resour.

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“…They are constantly exposed to a number of pollutants (Bellas et al, 2008a;Rosen et al, 2008). Sea urchins have been adopted as an excellent model system to study the ecotoxicological response of marine invertebrates to environmental pollutants (Geraci et al, 2004;Bonaventura et al, 2005;Cakal Arslan and Parlak, 2007;Bellas et al, 2008b;Nahon et al, 2008). Echinoderms are world-wide in their distribution and are extremely important in structuring benthic marine communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diatom-derived oxylipins induce cell death in sea urchin embryos activating caspase-8 and caspase 3/7

et al. 2016

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a b s t r a c tDiatoms are an important class of unicellular algae that produce bioactive secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity collectively termed oxylipins, including polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), hydroxyacids (HEPEs), oxo-acids and epoxyalcohols. Previous results showed that at higher concentrations, the PUA decadienal induced apoptosis on copepods and sea urchin embryos via caspase-3 activation; at lower concentrations decadienal affected the expression levels of the caspase-8 gene in embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. In the present work, we studied the effects of other common oxylipins produced by diatoms: two PUAs (heptadienal and octadienal) and four hydroxyacids (5-, 9-11-and 15-HEPE) on P. lividus cell death and caspase activities. Our results showed that (i) at higher concentrations PUAs and HEPEs induced apoptosis in sea urchin embryos, detected by microscopic observation and through the activation of caspase-3/7 and caspase-8 measured by luminescent assays; (ii) at low concentrations, PUAs and HEPEs affected the expression levels of caspase-8 and caspase-3/7 (isolated for the first time here in P. lividus) genes, detected by Real Time qPCR. These findings have interesting implications from the ecological point of view, given the importance of diatom blooms in nutrient-rich aquatic environments.

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“…One mechanism for interaction is the activation of some PAHs and structurally related compounds by UV radiation, which can lead to enhanced production of ROS and greater toxicity than either stressor alone (reviewed by Arfsten et al, 1996;Fu et al, 2012). Phototoxicity of PAHs or oil has been observed in a variety of marine invertebrates, particularly in transparent larvae Lyons et al, 2002;Pelletier et al, 1997;Saco-Alvarez et al, 2008); however, very little research has been conducted on the phototoxic effects of PAHs on cnidarians. Brief reports have indicated that polyps of the anemone Anthopleura aureoradioata are resistant (Ahrens and Hickey, 2002) and that larvae of the coral Fungia scutaria are sensitive (Peachy and Crosby, 1996) to phototoxicity, but these studies were relatively small in scale and few experimental details were provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the cnidarian oxidative stress response by ultraviolet light, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil

Tarrant

Reitzel

Kwok

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Organisms are continuously exposed to reactive chemicals capable of causing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalases, are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and provide an important means of neutralizing such oxidants. Studies in cnidarians have previously documented the occurrence of antioxidant enzymes (transcript expression, protein expression and/or enzymatic activity), but most of these studies have not been conducted in species with sequenced genomes or included phylogenetic analyses, making it difficult to compare results across species due to uncertainties in the relationships between genes. Through searches of the genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis Stephenson, one catalase gene and six SOD family members were identified, including three copper/zinc-containing SODs (CuZnSODs), two manganesecontaining SODs (MnSODs) and one copper chaperone of SOD (CCS). In 24 h acute toxicity tests, juvenile N. vectensis showed enhanced sensitivity to combinations of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, specifically pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and fluoranthene) relative to either stressor alone. Adult N. vectensis exhibited little or no mortality following UV, benzo[a]pyrene or crude oil exposure but exhibited changes in gene expression. Antioxidant enzyme transcripts were both upregulated and downregulated following UV and/or chemical exposure. Expression patterns were most strongly affected by UV exposure but varied between experiments, suggesting that responses vary according to the intensity and duration of exposure. These experiments provide a basis for comparison with other cnidarian taxa and for further studies of the oxidative stress response in N. vectensis.

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Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo–larval bioassays

Cited by 108 publications

References 49 publications

A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fishPsetta maxima

A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fishPsetta maxima

Diatom-derived oxylipins induce cell death in sea urchin embryos activating caspase-8 and caspase 3/7

Activation of the cnidarian oxidative stress response by ultraviolet light, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil

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