Ecotoxicological effects of atmospheric particulate produced by braking systems on aquatic and edaphic organisms

Volta, Anna; Sforzini, Susanna; Camurati, Corrado; Teoldi, Federico; Maiorana, Simone; Croce, Alessandro; Benfenati, Emilio; Perricone, Guido; Lodi, Marco; Viarengo, Aldo

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105564

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Jing et al [19] reported that naphthalene exposure resulted in structural alterations of CAT and SOD; also, it bound to the surface of these enzymes. Similar mechanisms were reported for phenanthrene toxicity [15]. Increased levels of CAT and POD were found by Karmakar and Padhy [21] as indicator of stress triggered by PM-bound heavy metals.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

2021

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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major environmental concerns in Europe. A wide range of studies has proved the ecotoxic potential of atmospheric particles. PM exerts chemical stress on vegetation by its potentially toxic constituents; however, relatively few studies are available on assessing phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. In our study, aqueous extract of particulate matter was prepared and used for treatment. Experiment was following the procedure defined by the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were used; elucidated toxicity was assessed based on morphological and biochemical endpoints such as biomass, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, and protein content. Biomass reduction and protein content showed a clear dose–effect relationship; the biomass decreased in comparison with the control (100%) in all test groups (TG) at a steady rate (TG1: 87.73%; TG2: 71.77%; TG3: 67.01%; TG4: 63.63%). The tendency in protein concentrations compared to the control was TG1: 113.61%; TG2: 148.21% TG3: 160.52%; TG4: 157.31%. However, pigments showed a ‘Janus-faced’ effect: nutrient content of the sample caused slight increase at lower doses; actual toxicity became apparent only at higher doses (chlorophyll-a concentration decrease was 84.47% in TG4, chlorophyll-b was 77.17%, and finally, carotene showed 83.60% decrease in TG4).

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…PM and PM-bound chemicals such as PAHs and heavy metals have been reported to cause oxidative stress in plants [15,16]. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can trigger membrane and cell damages [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

2021

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“…Not only the scientific community and health research organisations but also regulatory bodies and the industry around the world have been looking at the topic from different perspectives. Thus far, there is no consensus on fundamental research topics, such as real-world brake particle emission factors [3], the contribution of brake wear to ambient PM concentrations [3], and possible adverse health effects of brake debris [4,5]. However, there is a common understanding that future regulation should aim in limiting anthropogenic contributions to particulate matter from the foundation brakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle

Grigoratos

Agudelo²,

Grochowicz

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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The relative contribution of brake emissions to traffic-induced ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations has increased over the last decade. Nowadays, vehicles’ brakes are recognised as an important source of non-exhaust emissions. Up to now, no standardised method for measuring brake particle emissions exists. For that reason, the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group has been working on the development of a commonly accepted method for sampling and measuring brake particle emissions. The applied braking cycle is an integral part of the overall methodology. In this article, we present the results of an interlaboratory study exploring the capacity of existing dynamometer setups to accurately execute the novel Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)–brake cycle. The measurements took place at eight locations in Europe and the United States. Having several dynamometers available enabled the coordination and execution of the intended exercise, to determine the sources of variability and provide recommendations for the correct application of the WLTP–brake cycle on the dyno. A systematic testing schedule was applied, followed by a thorough statistical analysis of the essential parameters according to the ISO 5725 standards series. The application of different control programmes influenced the correct replication of the cycle. Speed control turned out to be more accurate and precise than deceleration control. A crucial output of this interlaboratory study was the quantification of standard deviations for repeatability (between repeats), sample effect (between tests), laboratory effect (between facilities), and total reproducibility. Three critical aspects of the statistical analysis were: (i) The use of methods for heterogeneous materials; (ii) robust algorithms to reduce the artificial increase in variability from values with significant deviation from the normal distribution; and (iii) the reliance on the graphical representation of results for ease of understanding. Even if the study of brake emissions remained out of the scope of the current exercise, useful conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the temperature profile of the WLTP–brake cycle. Urban braking events are generally correlated to lower disc temperature. Other parameters affecting the brake temperature profile include the correct application of soak times, the temperature measurement method, the proper conditioning of incoming cooling air and the adjustment of the cooling airspeed.

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“…Similar phytotoxicity effects of BPWD were reported in lettuce and wheat but not in soybean roots [22]. A comparison between traditional, available-on-the-market brake systems and two innovative, more ecofriendly brake systems, in bench tests revealed that particles from traditional friction materials were not completely safe for edaphic and aquatic ecosystems [23].…”

Section: Pollution From Brake Systemsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Ecological Transition in the Field of Brake Pad Manufacturing: An Overview of the Potential Green Constituents

Confiengo

Faga

2022

Sustainability

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Nowadays, the drive for green products has undergone a rapid increase following the global ecoawareness and the severe regulations aimed at preventing the environment from further damage. The use of ecosafe constituents in materials for harsh applications, such as brake pad systems, can be a possible solution for reducing health hazards arising from particle release during braking. Based on this, the present study provides a bibliographic review of green alternative constituents for friction material formulation, focusing the attention on their influence on the tribological properties of the final composites. The traditional materials still used in commercial brake pads are shortly described, with the aim to provide an overview of the current situation. In the final part of the review, following the trend of circular economy, works dealing with the use of waste as an ingredient of friction materials are also reported. The whole literature screening points out that much work is still required to obtain completely green friction materials. Indeed, few works dealing with the phenolic resin replacement, proposing inorganic ecosafe materials such as geopolymers, are present. On the contrary, the use of natural fibers is widely investigated: palm kernel, flax, agave and aloe can be identified as promising constituents based on the literature results and the generated patents.

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Ecotoxicological effects of atmospheric particulate produced by braking systems on aquatic and edaphic organisms

Cited by 24 publications

References 67 publications

Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle

Ecological Transition in the Field of Brake Pad Manufacturing: An Overview of the Potential Green Constituents

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