Ecophysiological effects of predation risk; an integration across disciplines

Sheriff, Michael J.; Thaler, Jennifer S.

doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3105-5

Cited by 66 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The non‐consumptive effects of prey may incur physiological costs that are mediated through hormones and enzymes (Boonstra, Hik, Singleton, & Tinnikov, ; Creel, Christianson, Liley, & Winnie, ; Janssens & Stoks, ; Slos & Stoks, ). These costs occur because animals try to gather information about predation risk and this information results in a physiological stress (Sheriff & Thaler, ). The physiological costs might affect growth and development in the juvenile stage (Benard, ) and, in extreme cases, it might cause mortality of juveniles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

2019

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The non‐consumptive predator effect may incur physiological costs that affect growth and development and ultimately survival. While studies have shown that the effect can affect development and growth in organisms with complex life cycles, we have limited knowledge on the effect in the egg and early larval stage. Here, we used a laboratory experiment to examine how the presence of chemical cues, a non‐consumptive predator effect, from an aquatic predator, perch, affected hatching success of larvae in three species of damselfly, Ischnura elegans, Coenagrion pulchellum, and Enallagma cyathigerum. In addition, we examined how exposure to predation risk in the early larval stages affected growth in the late larval stages of I. elegans. We found that the presence of chemical predator cues (1) increased egg mortality in all three species, (2) caused earlier hatching of eggs in one species, no change in a second species and a delay in egg hatching in a third species. We also found that predator cues have the potential to cause a carryover effect from early larval stages to late larval stages in terms of larval growth rate. The addition of non‐consumptive predator cues in the form of fish water caused higher algal growth than in the control experimental containers, and we suggest that this algal growth has the potential to confound predator stress cues. Our results show that the non‐consumptive predator effects affect survival and growth, and hence they have the potential to affect predator–prey dynamics in natural systems. Future studies on such effects in aquatic systems should consider confounding stressors, such as algae, fungi, oxygen, and nutrients levels, that might come with the addition of predation cues in water and thus add additional stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

2019

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“…). Growing evidence suggests that the eco‐physiological effects of predation risk stress scale up from the individual level to impact population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem level energy transfers (Hawlena and Schmitz , Sheriff and Thaler ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such responses can be costly and lead to reduced growth, body size, survival, and fecundity (Luttbeg andKerby 2005, Preisser et al 2005). Growing evidence suggests that the eco-physiological effects of predation risk stress scale up from the individual level to impact population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem level energy transfers (Hawlena andSchmitz 2010, Sheriff andThaler 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predation risk increases immune response in a larval dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intacta)

Duong

McCauley

2016

Ecology

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Predators often negatively affect prey performance through indirect, non-consumptive effects. We investigated the potential relationship between predator-induced stress and prey immune response. To test this, we administered a synthetic immune challenge into dragonfly larvae (Leucorrhinia intacta) and assessed a key immune response (level of encapsulation) in the presence and absence of a caged predator (Anax junius) at two temperatures (22 degrees C and 26 degrees C). We hypothesized that immune response would be lowered when predators were present due to lowered allocation of resources to immune function and leading to reduced encapsulation of the synthetic immune challenge. Contrary to our expectations, larvae exposed to caged predators had encapsulated monofilaments significantly more than larvae not exposed to caged predators. Levels of encapsulation did not differ across temperatures, nor interact with predator exposure. Our results suggest that the previously observed increase in mortality of L. intacta exposed to caged predators is not driven by immune suppression. In situations of increased predation risk, the exposure to predator cues may induce higher levels of melanin production, which could lead to physiological damage and high energetic costs. However, the costs and risks of increased allocations to immune responses and interactions with predation stress remain unknown.

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“…Researchers often simulate predation risk by exposing prey species to visual, chemical, or auditory cues from predators, and then measure any variety of behavioral or physiological changes in the prey (Dill and Fraser 1984;Sheriff and Thaler 2014). Studies simulating predation risk have documented significant changes in prey behavior, increased physiological stress associated with acute risk of mortality, and decreased reproductive activity among invertebrates (Matassa and Trussell 2014), fish (Werner et al 1983), reptiles (Amo et al 2004), birds (Ghalambor et al 2013), and mammals (Curé et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian predators transmit fear along the air–water interface influencing prey and their parental care

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The nonconsumptive consequences of predators on prey behavior, survival, and demography have recently garnered significant attention by ecologists. However, the impacts of top predators on free-ranging prey are challenging to evaluate because the most common fright response for prey is to leave the area of risk. Additionally, the top-down impacts of avian predators on aquatic environments are surprisingly overlooked. Here we investigated the nonconsumptive effects of avian predators on parental care in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)) through use of a realistic model of a predatory bird, the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus (L., 1758)). Our predator model exacted dramatic metabolic fright responses and inducible defenses in experimental fish resulting in significant behavioral changes with respect to their parental care. Key parental behaviors including in-nest rotations and egg and nest maintenance were noticeably altered by predator treatments demonstrating as much as an order of magnitude difference in parental performance, suggesting that even transient predation risk might decrease reproductive fitness. Our data provide important new insights on how the landscape of fear operates along the air-water interface and suggests that avian predators may have greater controlling effects on fish populations than previously thought.Key words: landscape of fear, Lepomis gibbosus, Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, parental care, predator, predation risk, pumpkinseed.Résumé : Les conséquences autres que la consommation des prédateurs sur le comportement, la survie et la démographie des proies ont récemment fait l'objet de beaucoup d'attention de la part d'écologistes. Les impacts des prédateurs de niveau trophique supérieur sur les proies en liberté sont toutefois difficiles à évaluer puisque la réaction de peur la plus répandue des proies consiste à quitter la zone du risque. En outre, il est surprenant de constater le peu de cas fait des impacts descendants des prédateurs aviaires sur les milieux aquatiques. Nous avons étudié les effets autres que la consommation de prédateurs aviaires sur le soin des alevins par les crapets-soleil (Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)) en utilisant un modèle réaliste d'oiseau prédateur, le balbuzard pêcheur (Pandion haliaetus (L., 1758)). Notre prédateur modèle a produit d'importantes réactions métaboliques de peur et des mécanismes de défense inductibles chez les poissons expérimentaux, qui se traduisaient par des changements significatifs dans les comportements de soin des alevins. Les principaux comportements parentaux, dont les rotations au nid et l'entretien des oeufs et du nid, étaient clairement modifiés par l'exposition au prédateur, ces variations de la performance parentale pouvant atteindre plus d'un ordre de grandeur, ce qui donne à penser que même un risque de prédation passager peut réduire l'aptitude de reproduction. Nos données fournissent d'importants nouveaux renseignements sur le fonctionnement du paysage de la peur le long de l'interface air-eau et donnent à penser que...

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Ecophysiological effects of predation risk; an integration across disciplines

Cited by 66 publications

References 50 publications

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

Predation risk increases immune response in a larval dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intacta)

Avian predators transmit fear along the air–water interface influencing prey and their parental care

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