Economics of user-in-the-loop demand control with differentiated QoS in cellular networks

Abstract

Abstract-Increasing cellular traffic is the driving force for innovations in wireless communications. While voice traffic is not expected to increase much and does not require 4G systems, traffic for video and data applications is expected to grow with a rate of 100% per year. Smart mobile devices, tablets and laptop dongles will certainly make this a reality. On the other hand the supply side cannot grow with the same rate. Base stations, eNB, pico-and femtocells will bring more heterogeneity in space and new applications will bring more heterogeneity in demand over time. Designing for over-provisioning capacity has been the standard approach to stabilize traffic, but is will be harder and harder, with more congestion situations in time (busy hour) and space (crowded cell) which will break application traffic and give bad quality-of-experience of users. Furthermore, overprovisioning comes with more power consumption and higher financial expenditures for infrastructure and operating costs.The user-in-the-loop (UIL) approach offers a solution orthogonal to the traditional supply-only view. In addition to technical improvements, having a temporal demand control can alleviate the severity of busy-hour situations which formerly caused congestion and connection failures. Demand shaping is implemented by a dynamic usage-based tariff and adaptive rates depending on the load condition. The users in a cell are part of a closed control loop which reacts in cases of severe demand overload. In this paper three different service classes are controlled individually and results from analysis and simulation show the performance in stationary and dynamic scenarios. The economics of tariffs and dynamic prices and the resulting operator revenue on one side is compared to the dissatisfaction of rejected users and this gives decision indicators for the investment into new infrastructure. Overall this saves money, energy and turns situations of hard congestion into an elastic stationarity which is in the interest of both users and operators.

Blockchain and Trust for Secure, End-User-Based and Decentralized IoT Service Provision

“…Therefore, this publication proposes to use the benefits of the holistic trust model, the blockchain, the trust consensus protocol by integrating them in a control loop with feedback functionality. In the context of control loops, the authors in [23,24] introduce a new concept called User in the Loop (UIL), where the user is part of a control loop and motivated to change the location in order to optimize the signal to interference noise ratio in wireless cellular networks. The basic idea here is to incentivize or motivate the user towards a specific behavior.…”

“…Afterwards, the behavior is analyzed and based on that the end-user is accordingly informed. This publication proposes to integrate the UIL concept to the trust paradigm, which is a completely different application field in comparison with the initial usage of this concept in [23,24]. The proposed control loop is called Trust in the Loop (TIL) and is shown in Fig.…”

Resource Management in Wireless Cellular Networks with Heterogeneous Capacity Supply and Heterogeneous Traffic Demand (HetHetNets)

“…The UIL concept [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] aims at controlling the user ("layer-8") behavior in a wireless system to achieve a better performance of both the user and the network by convincing the users to move from one location to a better one or to avoid traffic congestion by postponing session traffic out of the busy hours. Based on the impact dimension, the approach is called spatial or temporal UIL control (this work only involves spatial UIL).…”

“…In [47], the authors show that substantial cell spectral efficiency gain is obtained with the use of UIL. In [51], the economic aspect of the UIL concept is investigated in order to find relevant business cases for the operators and the wireless subscribers.…”