Economics of control reserve provision by fluctuating renewable energy sources

Jansen, Malte

doi:10.1109/eem.2016.7521342

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Although we aim to present a broad technical and financial analysis, there are numerous considerations that are not examined here. Examples include wake effects in wind farms (see van Wingerden et al, 2017) and the effects of market prices (see Holttinen et al, 2016;Jansen, 2016. The effect of providing system services on the lifetime of wind turbines is also not examined here. This is of particular interest to wind turbine manufacturers and equipment owners.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine

2020

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Abstract. Wind turbines possess the technical ability to provide various ancillary services to the electrical grid. Despite this, renewable generators such as wind and solar have traditionally not been allowed to provide significant amounts of ancillary services, in part due to the variable and uncertain nature of their electricity generation. Increasing levels of renewable generation, however, continue to displace existing synchronous generation and thus necessitate new sources of ancillary or system services. This work is part of an ongoing project that seeks to provide empirical evidence and an examination of how ancillary services can be provided from commercially available wind turbines. We focus specifically on providing secondary frequency response (automatic generation control or AGC) and demonstrate that wind turbines have the technical capability to provide this service. The algorithms used are intentionally simple so as to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the turbine technology. This work presents results from a single, 800 kW, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Type 4 wind turbine. A total of 10 % of rated power is offered on the regulation market. We do not separate up- and downregulation into individual services. Upregulation is offered through a 5 % constant power curtailment. The AGC update interval is 4 s, to mimic real-world conditions. We use performance scoring methods from the Pennsylvania–Jersey–Maryland (PJM) operator and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to quantify the wind turbine's response. We use the calculated performance scores, annual site wind data, and 2017 PJM market price data to estimate income from providing secondary frequency regulation. In all cases presented, income from the regulation market is greater than the energy income lost due to curtailment.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine

2020

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“…They rely on a very low quantile of the aggregated production forecast. The nominal value of this quantile is set to a constant that is close to the acceptable failure rates defined by TSOs when sizing AS (typically 0.006%-1% [9]). 2.…”

Section: Overview Of Proposed Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed reliability of the offer (defined as the difference in volume between offered reserve capacity and measured feed-in, compensated for any reserve activation) is 99.3%. In [9] Jansen models reserve bids based on opportunity costs or profit maximization. Capacity volumes are chosen from a forecast quantile, whose nominal value matches the observed reliability of reserve offers by conventional plants (99%-99.994%).…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimal Offer of Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve From a Combined PV/Wind Virtual Power Plant

Camal

Michiorri

Kariniotakis

2018

IEEE Trans. Power Syst.

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This paper presents a methodology for estimating the optimal amount of automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve provided by an aggregation of renewable power plants. The increasing penetration of distributed weather-dependent renewable generation presents a challenge to grid operators. Wind and photovoltaic power plants are technically able to provide ancillary services, but their stochastic behavior currently hinders their integration into reserve mechanisms. In the methodology developed a Quantile Regression Forest model is used to forecast the aggregated production and a copula-based approach integrates the dependence between prices and renewable production. We then propose and compare three strategies to derive an optimal quantile of the combined production forecasts that can be used as basis to provide a reliable ancillary service to the System Operator. The methodology is evaluated using historical prices for energy and automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve along with production measurements from several renewable power plants.

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Economics of control reserve provision by fluctuating renewable energy sources

Cited by 2 publications

References 69 publications

Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine

Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine

Optimal Offer of Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve From a Combined PV/Wind Virtual Power Plant

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