Economics and urban transportation policy in the United States

Abstract

The Cm':~.cr d~ribut~ r~poõ n l~ r~cnrc~ m working papas, monographs, and in mpnnt~ of published arctic. It also pubI~slms Access, a magazine pr=s~nthxg summm'i~ o~ s~I~c~cd smch~s, For a list of pubkicati~m in prinw ri~ to the ~dmss b~low.The content~ of ~his reporL refle~ the views of the SL~0~S, who respons|ble for the f~ and the accuracy of the infonn~on presented herein. This document is disserein~te~ underth¢ sponsorship ef the Departmen~ of Transpor~fien, UeP~emit~ Tmnspn~fion ~nters Program, Jn the interest of info~afien e~chanp. The U.S, Government assumes no iiabi~i~ for ~e ¢or~eats or use thereof.

Carpooling and congestion pricing: HOV and HOT lanes

“…Finally, HOT lanes are politically feasible policies. Although researchers agree that congestion pricing is the only policy that will make a noticeable di¤erence in peak congestion (see Small, 1997), congestion pricing is regarded as politically infeasible. Obviously, political feasibility is important, and raising revenues from tolls is important, too.…”

Urban air pollution progress despite sprawl: The “greening” of the vehicle fleet

“…2 Such pollution reductions offer potentially large public health gains. The public health costs from vehicle emissions have been estimated to be as high as 3 cents per mile (see Small, 1997 andSmall andKazimi, 1995). Recent California based research has documented the role of ambient carbon monoxide in increasing infant mortality risk (Currie and Neidell, 2005).…”

Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends

“…Several authors have recognized that one of the main sources of inefficiency in urban transport markets is the fact that a large percentage of car drivers park for free or for a price far below the marginal cost (Arnott et al, 1991;Calthrop et al, 2000;Shoup, 1995 andSmall, 1997). The consequence is that parking is largely subsidized or, in the words of Shoup (2005, p.218) "(the) cost of... parking has been shifted into higher prices for everything else".…”