“…In the usage phase, the operating, maintenance, and repair costs are particularly relevant for the client. In the recovery phase, there are also dismantling and disposal costs (Iraldo, Nucci & Giacomo, 2016;Korpi, & Ala-Risku, 2008;Akselsson & Burström, 1994, in Gaus, Wehking, Glas & Eßig, 2022. The use of end-of-life products has become a vital business issue today.…”