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The article is devoted to the analysis of the European Union development as an integration association. The economic aspects of integration within the EU as a whole as well as developing sub-integration processes are highlighted. Existing estimates show fluctuation in the level of the EU integration and its significant reduction in certain areas during some periods. The internationalization of the world economy and the increasing involvement of the EU in these processes couldn’t but have an impact on the intra-European situation. The assessment of the economic integration is made on the basis of the dynamics of the trade-investment cooperation and migration processes also. The analysis showed that different economic ties are not equally involved in the integration within the EU. If at the beginning of the XXI century the merchandise trade and FDI were comparable in terms of the level of involvement in the intra-European flows, then at present investment ties are considerably inferior to trade ones, having refocused on countries outside the EU. There is a steady trend in increasing of the share of citizens of non-EU countries living in the EU as well as EU citizens born in non-EU countries. The complexity of the European integration is traced by the example of sub-integration processes in the Visegrad Group. It is shown that accession to the EU has stimulated trade-investment cooperation within the “fourth”, but strong contrasts between members continue to persist. One of the main factors of the participation level in sub-integration is the economy size. Due to national features investment ties in terms of outstock are involved in subintegration processes more than trade ones. Sub-integration will continue to develop in the EU due to long-term factors, “complicating” pan-European integration processes, the non-linearity of which will remain.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the European Union development as an integration association. The economic aspects of integration within the EU as a whole as well as developing sub-integration processes are highlighted. Existing estimates show fluctuation in the level of the EU integration and its significant reduction in certain areas during some periods. The internationalization of the world economy and the increasing involvement of the EU in these processes couldn’t but have an impact on the intra-European situation. The assessment of the economic integration is made on the basis of the dynamics of the trade-investment cooperation and migration processes also. The analysis showed that different economic ties are not equally involved in the integration within the EU. If at the beginning of the XXI century the merchandise trade and FDI were comparable in terms of the level of involvement in the intra-European flows, then at present investment ties are considerably inferior to trade ones, having refocused on countries outside the EU. There is a steady trend in increasing of the share of citizens of non-EU countries living in the EU as well as EU citizens born in non-EU countries. The complexity of the European integration is traced by the example of sub-integration processes in the Visegrad Group. It is shown that accession to the EU has stimulated trade-investment cooperation within the “fourth”, but strong contrasts between members continue to persist. One of the main factors of the participation level in sub-integration is the economy size. Due to national features investment ties in terms of outstock are involved in subintegration processes more than trade ones. Sub-integration will continue to develop in the EU due to long-term factors, “complicating” pan-European integration processes, the non-linearity of which will remain.
The article analyzes the achievements, stages of the formation of Eurasian integration and shows the nature of the impact of integration processes on the economic situation of the participating countries. Eurasian integration processes from the moment of the creation of the Customs Union and before its reformatting into the Eurasian Economic Union and the common market of goods and services had a direct impact on the state and dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the member states. The common economic space has led to the rapid transfer of macroeconomic effects, which makes it possible to consider the EAEU as a powerful factor in macroeconomic stabilization during crisis recessions. At the same time, the expectations of positive effects from the functioning of the EAEU were justified only in the initial stages of the formation of a common commodity market due to the effect of trade liberalization. The structure and geography of commodity flows in the EAEU developed inertia, due to the sectoral structure of the national economies of the Union member states. The trade interaction of the countries that make up the integration block is characterized by monocentricity and a higher level of differentiation, which makes it possible to compensate part of the losses while lowering the intensity of foreign trade to stimulate the development of the real sector. Investment cooperation in the EAEU is limited to traditional sectors of the commodity sector and trade finance. The buildup of synergistic effects between the countries of the EAEU has an extensive nature, while a transition to an intensification strategy is needed through the formation of production cooperation platform.
The idea of creating the Eurasian Union belongs to the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Until 2011, this initiative was popular in the academic and expert community of Kazakhstan. There has been a groundswell of support. It was partially embodied in the foundation of such regional organizations as the Eurasian Economic Community, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Astana has lost leadership in promoting Eurasian integration since 2011. Although Kazakhstan is an active participant in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the initiative is gradually being transferred to the Russian Federation. This article is devoted to the analysis of the genesis of the Eurasian idea and Eurasian practice in Kazakhstan, highlighting the qualitative stages in the dissemination of the ideas of Eurasianism and Eurasian integration in Kazakhstan. Comparative analysis, event analysis, political monitoring and process of tracking were used in the article. The authors conclude that the ideological content of Eurasianism in Kazakhstan has undergone a certain genesis and has almost exhausted itself at this stage. Kazakhstan has now taken a stand on rigid economic determinism in the implementation of the EAEU project and has moved away from the broad set of tasks of Eurasian integration, as originally presented by N. Nazarbayev. This is largely due to the internal political development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the changes in the ethnic composition of the population, the arrival of a new generation of managers, the beginning of a new stage in the formation of a national state and nation-building, which are reflected in new conceptual documents and national programs. At the same time, it was Eurasianism that corresponded to the specifics of Kazakhstani society and contributed to interethnic interaction and harmony, just as at this stage, Eurasian integration helps to preserve Kazakhstans sovereignty and strengthen its position in the system of global economic relations. However, there is a significant conceptual and semantic gap in understanding the essence of Eurasianism and the current practice of building a sustainable Eurasian integration core, an active participant of which Kazakhstan could become.
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