Economic importance of ticks and their effective control strategies

Molecular biology of tick acetylcholinesterases

“…Ticks are hematophagous arthropod ectoparasites, of major economic and health importance © 1996-2018 worldwide because they are agents of vector-borne disease for a large variety of human and animal pathogens, including bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, and protozoa (1)(2)(3). In the United States, the most important tick impacts to humans are considered to be as vectors of Lyme disease and related syndromes (4), and as vectors of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis (5).…”

“…Bovine babesiosis is a world-wide threat to cattle production with annual economic impacts estimated at over 3 billion dollars per year in the United States (6) and 3.2 billion dollars (5) in Brazil (7, 8), as well as major impacts to the economies of many other countries (9, 10). Despite efforts to develop vaccines or other non-chemical based methods to control ticks (11), the use of chemical acaricides is the predominant approach implemented in the field (2). Perhaps the most successful tick control effort to date is the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program that succeeded in eradicating Boophilus microplus and Boophilus annulatus ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R.…”

“…Accession at NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),2 Calculated molecular mass & pI of entire amino acid sequence (http://web.expasy.org/compute_ pi/),3 The KM is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is one-half maximum velocity (55),4 Relative hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine/ butyrylthiocholine (55),5 Concentration of inhibitor reducing reaction rate to 50% maximum velocity (55)…”

Análisis de la variabilidad alélica de BmVDAC y Subolesina, dos candidatos vacunales contra Rhipicephalus microplus en aislados de México

“…La infestación por garrapata R. microplus afecta negativamente la productividad del ganado, transmite enfermedades tales como la babesiosis y la anaplasmosis (Jonsson, 2006). Las (Tabor et al, 2016), las cuales son resultado de la actividad directa en la alimentación de las garrapatas en su hospedero y del costo que ocasiona controlar tanto a las garrapatas como a las enfermedades producidas por los patógenos que ellas transmiten (Manjunathachar et al, 2014).…”

“…Además, interviene en la digestión de la sangre, la reproducción y el desarrollo de la garrapata (de la Fuente et al, 2008). Un aspecto importante en la selección de antígenos que protejan contra las garrapatas, es la evaluación de la variabilidad alélica de los candidatos vacunales en las cepas de garrapatas de diferentes zonas geográficas; la identificación de secuencias peptídicas conservadas en estos candidatos vacunales permitirá obtener una vacuna con una protección elevada contra las diferentes cepas (de la Fuente y Kocan, 2003) (Manjunathachar et al, 2014).…”