Economic importance of licorice

Hayashi, Hiroaki; Sudo, Hiroshi

doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.26.101

Cited by 186 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…GL is used extensively as a sweetener as well as a medicine because of its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-viral activities. 1,2,12) The pharmacological activities of GGL, including the quality of sweetness, might be different from those of GL. Further experimentation is necessary to confirm this possibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…is mainly used for this purpose. 1,2) Since G. uralensis is the most important Glycyrrhiza plant used for traditional medicine in Japan, it is important to elucidate the variations in the G. uralensis strains from the viewpoint of the medicinal resources related to licorice. In our previous study, comparative analysis of G. uralensis strains was undertaken to characterize variations in G. uralensis.…”

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Characterization of a Glycyrrhizin-Deficient Strain of <i>Glycyrrhiza uralensis</i>

Hayashi

Fujii

Iinuma

et al. 2013

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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A triterpene saponin, glucoglycyrrhizin, was isolated from a glycyrrhizin-deficient strain 83-555 of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Leguminosae), and the structure was determined by chemical and spectral data to be 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-glycyrrhetinic acid. Since this saponin has a 2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl moiety instead of the 2′-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety of glycyrrhizin, the glucuronidation of 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-glycyrrhetinic acid leading to glycyrrhizin is inhibited in this strain. All 4 offspring of the 83-555 strain produced glucoglycyrrhizin. Interestingly, 2 of the offspring produced both glycyrrhizin and glucoglycyrrhizin, and sequence analysis of the pkr gene suggested that these 2 offspring were hybrids of 83-555 strain and glycyrrhizin-producing strains.Key words Glycyrrhiza uralensis; glycyrrhizin; mutant; saponin variation Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a sweet-tasting triterpene diglucuronide isolated from the roots and stolons of the Glycyrrhiza plant (licorice), which belongs to the family Leguminosae. Licorice is one of the most frequently used components in traditional medicine in Japan, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis FISCH. is mainly used for this purpose.1,2) Since G. uralensis is the most important Glycyrrhiza plant used for traditional medicine in Japan, it is important to elucidate the variations in the G. uralensis strains from the viewpoint of the medicinal resources related to licorice. In our previous study, comparative analysis of G. uralensis strains was undertaken to characterize variations in G. uralensis.3) During this process, we found a unique G. uralensis strain, 83-555, producing only a trace amount of glycyrrhizin. Therefore, in the present study, chemical characterization of the GL-deficient strain was examined, and a major triterpene saponin, glucoglycyrrhizin (GGL), was isolated and characterized from this strain. Furthermore, offspring of the strain 83-555 were analyzed to select for a high-GGLproducing strain. MATERIALS AND METHODS General Methods 1H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra were recorded using a Unity Inova-500 (Varian) spectrometer. Chemical shifts are given on a δ (ppm) scale with tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. Specific rotation was measured on a SEPA-300 (Horiba, Japan) spectrometer. Quantitative HPLC analysis and negative electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS were measured on an LCMS-IT-TOF (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) spectrometer.Plant Materials G. uralensis strain 83-555 was derived from a seed obtained from the former East Germany in 1983 and was cultivated in the Kyoto Herbal Garden, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. G. uralensis strain 01A26-6 was derived from a seed collected in Kazakhstan, as reported previously. 4)Strain 83-555 was also cultivated in the Herbal Garden at the Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the harvested roots were used for the isolation of saponin. Seeds of strain 83-555 were collected from the Kyoto Herbal Garden, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and 4 offspring derived from the seeds were cultivat...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Glycyrrhizin-Deficient Strain of <i>Glycyrrhiza uralensis</i>

Hayashi

Fujii

Iinuma

et al. 2013

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Cytochrome P450s play critical roles in oxidative reactions during the biosynthesis of diverse natural plant products, including terpenoids. β-amyrin oxidation in C-11 and C-30 positions produced glycyrrhizin, C-22 and C-24 positions led to the soyasaponins production (Hayashi et al, 2000;Hayashi et al, 2001;Hayashi and Sudo, 2009;Seki et al, 2008). β-amyrin 11-oxidase catalyze two sequential oxidation steps of β -amyrin at the C-11 position to yield 11-oxo-β-amyrin (Seki et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, cloning and bioinformatics analysis of β-amyrin 11-oxidase coding sequence from licorice

Shirazi¹,

Aalami

Tohidfar³

et al. 2016

Plant Omics

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Licorice is the roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza uralensis which have several chemical compounds. Triterpene saponins such as glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid and flavonoids like liquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and glabron are main compounds detected in liquorice root. The plant's major constituent is a glycyrrhizin. The β-amyrin 11-oxidase catalyzes the sequential two-step oxidation of β-amyrin in C-11 to produce 11-oxo-β-amyrin, a possible biosynthetic intermediate between β-amyrin and glycyrrhizin. In this study, the total RNA was extracted from licorice roots and cDNA synthesis, then PCR products were cloned into pTZ57R/T vector. Sequencing confirmed piece length of 1482 bp that encodes a protein of 493 amino acid residues. The results of alignment showe d 99% similarity to β-amyrin sequence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Subcellular studies using Softberry and Psort software showed that the activity of this protein is in endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover the protein has a signal peptide and is targeted to the secretory pathway. The results of phylogenetic tree determined most similar amino acid sequence to the CYP88D subfamily of cytochrome P450. These findings can be used for nucleotide or protein manipulation and transformation.

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“…Licorice extract and its major saponin, glycyrrhizin (yield: more than 2.5%), are used as a medicine and as a sweetener and flavor enhancer in foods and cigarettes [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%