Economic impact of corrosion and scaling problems in geothermal energy systems

Shannon, D.W.

doi:10.2172/5122645

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The primary anions i nvol ved include carbonates, chlorides, sulfides, si 1 icates, and nitrates, while the principal cations are sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium (Defferding 1978). dissolved salts remain in the spent brine, creating problems such as plugging in the injection well, pipeline scaling, and corrosion; L In a flashed-steam cycle, most of these The main constituents that cause scaling and plugging are silica and silicates, calcium carbonate and metal sulfides, sulfates, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates (Shannon 1975). results from the interaction of several factors, including pH.…”

Section: I$mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods of controlling corrosion fall into two categories: 1) the removal or alteration of the brine constituents that cause corrosion, and 2) the development of corrosion resistant coatings for materials (Phillips et al 1977). impacts of corrosion and scaling indicate that the problem may be relatively expensive to mi ti gate (Shannon 1975).…”

Section: I$mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermodynamics is the principal framework for the evaluation of these variables. However, due to the nature of hydrothermal brines, thermodynamic analysis has exhibited a very limited capacity to accurately predict scaling phenomenon under actual working conditions (Shannon 1975) . Significantly, the area of maximum subsidence has occurred outside of the production field, which means that subsidence could affect the property of adjacent landowners as much as, or more than, the immediate development area (EPA 1977).…”

Section: Estimates Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brine pretreatment may also be needed to control the level of toxic elements such as mercury and arsenic released to the ocean. Brines can be corrosive in nature, due to their high dissolved-gas content, pH, and other geochemical factors and may, therefore, have to be deaerated before cost-effective transfer to the ocean by pipeline is possible (Shannon 1975). The reduction of suspended solids, dissolved solids, and toxic chemicals to an acceptable level may require advanced treatment processes, depending on the TDS content of the P 3.14 fluid, but the final water quality for ocean disposal may not need to be as free of contaminants as would be necessary for freshwater surface disposal.…”

Section: Ocean Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cost of meeting geothermal liquid effluent disposal regulations

Wells¹,

Currie²,

Price³

et al. 1981

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Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. FOREWORD w Development and comnercialization of hydrothermal resources for electrical energy production is recognized as a complex political, environmental, and economic undertaking. Substantial uncertainty exists concerning the degree t o which the economic climate, environmental changes, and political actions w i l l influence development and ultimate comnercialization. d This research report is one of a series being prepared as part of the Department of Energy's project entitled "Economic Valuation of Geothermal Environmental Impacts." The goal of this project is t o provide information and support for program planning, research, and marketing activities directed toward the comnercialization o f hydrothermal resources. A primary objective of t h i s work includes developing ways to identify, estimate, and mitigate the nonmarket cost impediments t o the commercialization of hydrothermal resources. Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is conducting this project for the Department of Energy, Office of Hydrothermal C m e r c i a1 i zati on, under Contract No. AE-30-03-02.

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Section: I$mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: I$mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimates Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocean Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cost of meeting geothermal liquid effluent disposal regulations

Wells¹,

Currie²,

Price³

et al. 1981

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“…Cost is also an important factor, however, and these alloys are al. 1 forms of corrosion are hard to quantify. In many cases they were not reported, and where they were reported, only relative resistance was given.…”

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confidence: 99%

Corrosion studies on retrievable spent fuel containers: a progress report

Ludemann¹,

Abrego²,

McCright³

1978

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LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Factors affecting choice of an engineering Material 12 2. Factors affecting corrosion resistance of a metal 3. Service range of materials in acid chloride environments 4. Attack on steel at 310°C (590°F) by water of varying degrees of acidity and alkalinity 5. Effect of pH on the corrosion rate of 1010 wild steel ..... 21 6. Anticipated performance of unalloyed titanium in chloride brines and under NaCl or SH CI deposits 7. Planned interval test 8. Potential-current diagram for steel in an acid chloride solution. . LIST OF TABLES 1. Corrosion-resistant materials x 2. Factors influencing the survival of a spent-fuel storage canister in a brine environment 3 3. Morphology of corrosion attack in concentrated brines 11 4. Metals and alloys resistant to chloride corrosion IS 5. Anticipated performance of metals in halite brines 16 v ABSTRACT Spent fuel canisters stored in halite (NaCl) deposits (salt beds) are subject to a severely corrosive environment when the hot brine inclusions, rich in calcium and magnesium chlorides, migrate to the canister. Since no data base exists on corrosion in halite brines, a survey was made of the corrosion resistance of potential canister materials in other concentrated brine environments. Corrosion-resistant metals include Ta r Ti Code 12, TiPd Alloy, Inconel 625, Hastelloy C-276, and Fe-base 29-4 Alloy. Although carbon steels have cost and availability advantages, they suffer from excessive corrosion rates in brines. Corrosion-resistant nonmetals include carbon. Teflon-type fluorocarbons, epoxide coatings, and polymer cements. While these materials are not suitable for constructing the canister, they could be used as a protective coating on a carbon steel canister. On the basis of this survey, we recommend a coated carbon steel canister, used with cathodic protection. It is important to start a test program to gather a data base on the corrosion of materials in halite brines and to verify the suitability of canister materials. vii A. Environment: Canister internal environment: Physical and chemical form of waste Radiation flux Thermal flux Canister external environment: Bulk composition

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