Economic Fluctuations and Urban-rural Differences in Educational Inequalities in Mortality in Three Baltic Countries and Finland in 2000–2015: A Register-based Study

Abstract

We examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in three Baltic countries and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30–74 year olds were examined in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas. Between 2000–2003 and 2012–2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities were more favourable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favourable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction.

Fundamentals of smart Village modeling in the context of integration of cognitive processes of artificial intelligence in the era of modern infrastructure challenges

“…The success of a smart village depends on efficient and affordable solutions in the areas of electricity and connected uninterrupted communication. The key deciding factors of digital technologies are coverage, data rate, power and cost [4].…”