Economic evaluation of thorium oxide production from monazite using alkaline fusion method

Udayakumar, Sanjith; Baharun, Norlia; Rezan, Sheikh Abdul; Ismail, Aznan Fazli; Takip, Khaironie Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.net.2021.01.028

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…If the source of thorium is a mineral containing rare earths or the residue obtained during the processing of various minerals in order to obtain rare earth elements (REEs), then the basic procedures used in the separation, concentration and purification of thorium are leaching [ 61 , 62 , 63 ], precipitation [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], solvent extraction [ 68 , 69 ] and ion exchange [ 70 ].…”

Section: Classical Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

Man,

Albu,

Nechifor

et al. 2023

Membranes

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Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.

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Section: Classical Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

Man,

Albu,

Nechifor

et al. 2023

Membranes

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show abstract

“…Many studies discuss the use of an alkaline digestion method for monazite decomposition [11], [12], [5],. Alkaline digestion using sodium hydroxide allows for phosphate recovery as tri-sodium phosphate, which can then be used in fertilizer production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Processing Development for Radioactive Minerals Processing Facility: A Circular Economy Model

Madyaningarum,

Saputra,

Trinopiawan

et al. 2024

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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The minerals and metals industries are vital in the world’s economy, yet their use of resources and waste generation pose considerable issues. The circular economy is a concept that establishes the foundation for economic operations that are carried out to run sustainably and to promote economic welfare, which in turn leads to an improvement in environmental quality. This paper offers a comprehensive literature analysis on the principles and efficacy of circular economy in mineral processing, specifically focusing on radioactive minerals. This research aims to develop a circular economy model that preserves resources, reduces waste production, and complies with regulatory rules on radioactive waste management. The study outlines a clear and structured circular economy model consisting of four modules: sample preparation, decomposition, partial extraction, and total precipitation. Each module integrates energy efficiency, heat recovery, renewable energy, water reuse, and chemical recycling. The validated model provides a roadmap for implementing circular economy principles in processing radioactive materials, contributing to achieving sustainable development goals. The government's agenda in pursuit of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) can be aided by this model. This study suggests that reducing resource use and the volume of material, energy, and waste generated by technological processes can be achieved while still maintaining quality. That concept brings about a change in the mindset of designing a mineral processing installation. Based on the result of this study, further study may be focused on implementing strategies for each module of the studied object.

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“…More recently, SuperPro Designer was used for technoeconomic analysis for various manufacturing processes of chemicals, biochemicals, and food. These include the production of cocoa butter [37], monoclonal antibody [38], biodiesel [39], nanomaterials [40], catechin [41], biomass pyrolysis products [42], and thorium extraction from monazite [43]. It is also worth noting that Monte Carlo simulations were also reported for use in some of the above works where SuperPro Designer was utilized (e.g., [38,40]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Ti Powder from the Reduction of TiCl4 with Metal Hydrides in the H2 Atmosphere: Thermodynamic and Techno-Economic Analyses

et al. 2021

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Titanium hydride (TiH2) is one of the basic materials for titanium (Ti) powder metallurgy. A novel method was proposed to produce TiH2 from the reduction of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with magnesium hydride (MgH2) in the hydrogen (H2) atmosphere. The primary approach of this process is to produce TiH2 at a low-temperature range through an efficient and energy-saving process for further titanium powder production. In this study, the thermodynamic assessment and technoeconomic analysis of the process were investigated. The results show that the formation of TiH2 is feasible at low temperatures, and the molar ratio between TiCl4 and metal hydride as a reductant material has a critical role in its formation. Moreover, it was found that the yield of TiH2 is slightly higher when CaH2 is used as a reductant agent. The calculated equilibrium composition diagrams show that when the molar ratio between TiCl4 and metal hydrides is greater than the stoichiometric amount, the TiCl3 phase also forms. With a further increase in this ratio to greater than 4, no TiH2 was formed, and TiCl3 was the dominant product. Furthermore, the technoeconomic study revealed that the highest return on investment was achieved for the production scale of 5 t/batch of Ti powder production, with a payback time of 2.54 years. The analysis shows that the application of metal hydrides for TiH2 production from TiCl4 is technically feasible and economically viable.

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Economic evaluation of thorium oxide production from monazite using alkaline fusion method

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

Chemical Processing Development for Radioactive Minerals Processing Facility: A Circular Economy Model

Synthesis of Ti Powder from the Reduction of TiCl4 with Metal Hydrides in the H2 Atmosphere: Thermodynamic and Techno-Economic Analyses

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