Economic Evaluation of Power System Flexibility by Commercial Air Conditioner Control with Large Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation

Abstract

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power could cause shortage of power system flexibility. Demand response is expected to help supply ancillary service instead of the conventional power plant. Commercial air conditioners are a promising responsive load for demand response because they account for a large proportion of power consumption in the power system. We calculate a system operation cost and hourly operation pattern of each power plant by using the optimal power generation model considering flexibility supply from controlling commercial air conditioner. We obtained the following results as an effect of commercial air conditioner control. (1) The power generation of oil fired power plants decreases at peak time and annual fuel cost of oil fired plant is reduced by approximately 30% at most in Kanto area. (2) The percentage of rated operation mode of LNG combined cycle plants increases. (3) Curtailed energy rate of PV decreases because a power storage amount by pumped hydropower generation increases. (4) Required battery capacity to reduce PV curtailed amount decreased by combining battery energy storage system in case of high penetration of PV. C⃝ 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 203(4): 13-24, 2018; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).

Optimal operation of cogeneration system coordinated by aggregator for providing the demand and supply regulation capacity

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Main customer's resources include controllable heat-pump water heaters, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] air conditioners, 13,14 electric water heaters, 15 and electric vehicle chargers. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Main customer's resources include controllable heat-pump water heaters, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] air conditioners, 13,14 electric water heaters, 15 and electric vehicle chargers.…”