Economic Evaluation of a Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process

Abstract

Wet waste streams include a wide variety of products such as food processing residues, sewage sludge, but also the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a thermochemical conversion in hot compressed water that produces a hydrophobic product. This paper gives presents how hydrothermal liquefaction can produce a biocrude or a heavy fuel oil from blackcurrant pomace, grape marc and sewage sludge. The paper presents experimental results as well as a technical and economic evaluation of the process. The results from hydrothermal liquefaction depend on the resource. Typical biocrude yield is 50% of the dry resource while bio-oil yield can be up to 25%. High ash resources are however less interesting for this technology. The production costs are high compared to their fossil counterparts but gate fees in the order of 50 to 130 € tonne-1 could ensure economic competitiveness compared to fossil fuels.

Electrode Treatments for Redox Flow Batteries: Translating Our Understanding from Vanadium to Aqueous‐Organic

“…[158,159] (b) Doping of CF used in RFBs is generally done by hydrothermal method (Tables S3 and S4, Supporting Information). Hydrothermal method is also used commercially in the preparation of zeolites and value-added chemicals from biomass, [160][161][162][163] whose experience can be utilized for scaling up the production of doped CFs.…”

“…Additionally, doping of CNTs is done by hydrothermal method similar to CFs, [165,166] allowing them to draw from the experiences of the zeolite and biomass industry discussed above. [160][161][162][163] (d) Impregnation and dip coating is often used to load catalysts on electrodes for fuel cells. [167,168] The industries set up to do these processes for electrodes for fuel cells can easily extend these to CFs if incentives are provided.…”

“…[ 158,159 ] Doping of CF used in RFBs is generally done by hydrothermal method (Tables S3 and S4, Supporting Information). Hydrothermal method is also used commercially in the preparation of zeolites and value‐added chemicals from biomass, [ 160–163 ] whose experience can be utilized for scaling up the production of doped CFs. CNTs are used in supercapacitors due to their unique material properties. [ 164 ] The supercapacitor industry can help in setting up the supply chain network of CNTs for RFBs.…”

“…Additionally, doping of CNTs is done by hydrothermal method similar to CFs, [ 165,166 ] allowing them to draw from the experiences of the zeolite and biomass industry discussed above. [ 160–163 ]…”

Monitoring of Heavy Metals, Eox and Las in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Use: A Case Study

“…Several options are available for use in the final disposal of sewage sludge, including energy and resource recovery (Abis et al, 2018;Di Maria et al, 2018;Gherghel et al, 2019;Haarlemmer et al, 2018). Specifically, treated sludge, when applied as fertiliser and soil conditioner are a source of nutrients for the soil, (Yoshida et al, 2018;Ashekuzzaman et al, 2019), although the risks of soil contamination and pathogen transmission should be carefully considered (Singh and Agrawal, 2008;Tsybina and Wuensch, 2018).…”