Economic–environmental hierarchical frequency management of a droop-controlled islanded microgrid

A remote islanding detection and control strategy for photovoltaic-based distributed generation systems

“…Islanding operation is defined in a DG that a situation while a grid-tied PV system continues feeding the load, although disconnection of the electrical grid from the load [2]. Fig.…”

Hierarchical energy and frequency security pricing in a smart microgrid: An equilibrium-inspired epsilon constraint based multi-objective decision making approach

“…Under a single objective portfolio, the day-ahead primary and secondary control reserves have been managed properly such that the microgrid static frequency security was managed owing to the MGCC economic and environmental constraints. In [14], the authors concentrated on only the static performance of the VSI-based DGs and no solution was proposed to cope with the low inertia stack of the islanded microgrids. Noteworthy, the low inertia of the VSI-based DGs can have deteriorative impacts on the islanded microgrid dynamic security which should be considered by means of the hierarchical frequency control structure.…”

“…They only focus on the secondary control functions of the MGCC and the great impacts of the primary control reserves in operational planning of the microgrids were disregarded. Recently, in [14] a novel cost-effective frequency aware energy management system has been proposed. Under a single objective portfolio, the day-ahead primary and secondary control reserves have been managed properly such that the microgrid static frequency security was managed owing to the MGCC economic and environmental constraints.…”

Spinning reserve quantification by a stochastic–probabilistic scheme for smart power systems with high wind penetration

“…To determine which N r scenarios have to be deleted from an initial set of N s scenarios each scenario has to be compared with other scenarios which leads to a N r  ðN s À 1Þ times of one to one comparison. This one to one comparison can be very time consuming specially for problems with huge sets of uncertain variables [41][42][43][44].…”