“…Globally, many researchers in educational studies analyze the university from the perspective of efficiency (Visbal-Cadavid et al (2017), Tran et al (2022), Torre et al (2017), Sagarra et al (2017), Mammadova and Aypayb (2020), Mikušová (2015), Kuoa and Hob (2008), Daraio et al (2021), Celik and Ecer (2009), Carter (1972), Arcelus and Coleman (1972), Abbott and Doucouliagosa (2003)). Researchers in Japan have analyzed universities from similar perspectives, such as estimating the cost function and efficiency (Akai et al (2009), Kawasaki (2020), Shima (2021), Kitasaka (2013), Senoh (2004), Sugawara (2009)).…”