“…This expansion has complicated the construction of health indicators for older adults, leading to diverse opinions among scholars. For instance, Peter and Lorraine, among other scholars, use self-rated health to represent physical health status ( 7 , 8 ), though this measure alone introduces a degree of subjective heterogeneity; Zhang divides the health of the older adults into three categories: physical health, cognitive function, and self-rated health ( 9 ); Okamoto assesses the intrinsic capabilities of older adults by evaluating challenges in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL and IADL) and cognitive functions, considering also the certification status for public long-term care needs ( 10 ); Ye adopts the presence of chronic diseases as a measure of physiological health and evaluates the psychological health of the older adults through cognitive issues and depression symptoms ( 11 ); Lv and Zhang measure the physical health of older adults from both subjective and objective perspectives, using indicators such as receiving medical treatment and hospitalization ( 12 ); Yao and colleagues use the EQ-5D-3L scale’s five dimensions as standards to assess individual health status, including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, utilizing scores from the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and utility values U to quantify quality of life ( 13 ).…”