Economic dispatch of virtual power plant based on distributed primal-dual sub-gradient method

Economic Dispatch Problem Solution via Holomorphic Embedding Method on IEEE 14-Bus System for Different Loading Scenarios

“…where π kj and π kj are slack variables associated to the upper and lower limits, respectively, of the inequalities in (5). The minimization of the costs is achieved by enforcing the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions in the Lagrangian function L for the variables of interest,…”

“…Contingency and prediction can also be incorporated in the EDP [3]. This wild range of modelling enables the usage of many methods varying from traditional ones like Interior Points Method [4] or Primal-dual Sub-gradient [5], to Heuristic ones like Particle Swarm Optimization [6] or Genetic Algorithms [7] and also to Hybrid ones such as [8] were proposed for solving the EDP and DEDP. Even models based on machine learning and probabilistic prediction like [9] are also used.…”

“…The nonlinear equations determined from the optimal conditions and operational constraints are embedded to form the base problem to be solved. In the modeling for the formulation of the EDP, all generators are of the thermal type with a heat curve represented by a quadratic polynomial, as adopted in the classical EDP [5]. Each generating plant can be represented by generators with different aspects that characterize its heat, cost and fuel.…”