Economic Disparities and Syphilis Incidence in Massachusetts, 2001-2013

Smock, Laura; Caten, Evan; Hsu, Katherine; DeMaria, Alfred

doi:10.1177/0033354916688269

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that the incidence of P&S syphilis is affected by certain sociodemographic factors [ 11 – 12 ]. The size and structure of a population and the health care resources per capita are closely related to syphilis incidence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding socioeconomic factors, studies presented conflicting results concerning incidence. Research conducted in high-income regions, such as the United States and Europe, have shown that syphilis is more prevalent in poor areas [ 12 , 15 ]. However, contradictory conclusions have been reported in studies from middle-income and low-income countries, including China, indicating that more prosperous areas have a higher risk of syphilis [ 16 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

et al. 2021

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Background Previous studies exploring the factors associated with the incidence of syphilis have mostly focused on individual-level factors. However, recent evidence has indicated that social-level factors, such as sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, also affect the incidence of syphilis. Studies on the sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with syphilis incidence are scarce, and they have rarely controlled for spatial effects, even though syphilis shows spatial autocorrelation. Methodology/Principal findings Syphilis data from 21 cities in Guangdong province between 2005 and 2017 were provided by the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System. The incidence time series, incidence map, and space-time scanning data were used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution. The spatial panel data model was then applied to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors (population density, net migration rate, male:female ratio, and the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents), socioeconomic factors (gross domestic product per capita, the proportion of secondary/tertiary industry), and the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis after controlling for spatial effects. The incidence of syphilis increased slowly from 2005 (11.91 per 100,000) to 2011 (13.42 per 100,000) and then began to decrease, reaching 6.55 per 100,000 in 2017. High-risk clusters of syphilis tended to shift from developed areas to underdeveloped areas. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found between syphilis incidence and gross domestic product per capita. Moreover, syphilis incidence was significantly associated with population density (β = 2.844, P = 0.006), the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents (β = -0.095, P = 0.007), and the net migration rate (β = -0.219, P = 0.002). Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis first increase before decreasing as economic development increases further. These results emphasize the necessity to prevent syphilis in regions at the early stages of economic growth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

et al. 2021

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“…1 Prior work has examined age disparities stratified by race and sex 5 ; the distribution of cases across states, race and ethnicity, and age groups 6 ; and relationships between incidence and socioeconomic factors. 7 National estimates of US incidence, prevalence, and direct medical costs of P&S syphilis were recently updated. [8][9][10] However, there is limited information on variation in racial and ethnic disparities by both age group and region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations in P&S syphilis by US region, age group, and race and ethnicity are well documented 1 . Prior work has examined age disparities stratified by race and sex 5 ; the distribution of cases across states, race and ethnicity, and age groups 6 ; and relationships between incidence and socioeconomic factors 7 . National estimates of US incidence, prevalence, and direct medical costs of P&S syphilis were recently updated 8–10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary and Secondary Syphilis Diagnosis Rates Among Heterosexually Active Women by Region and Age Group in the United States

Martin

Ansari²,

Rosenberg

et al. 2022

Sexual Trans Dis

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Background: Syphilis rates have increased substantially over the past decade. Women are an important population because of negative sequalae and adverse maternal outcomes including congenital syphilis. We assessed whether racial and ethnic disparities in primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among heterosexually active women differ by region and age group. Methods:We synthesized 4 national surveys to estimate numbers of heterosexually active women in the United States from 2014 to 2018 by region, race and ethnicity, and age group (18-24, 25-29, 30-44, and ≥45 years). We calculated annual P&S syphilis diagnosis rates, assessing disparities with rate differences and rate ratios comparing White, Hispanic, and Black heterosexually active women.Results: Nationally, annual rates were 6.42 and 2.20 times as high among Black and Hispanic than among White heterosexually active women (10.99, 3.77, and 1.71 per 100,000, respectively). Younger women experienced a disproportionate burden of P&S syphilis and the highest disparities. Regionally, the Northeast had the highest Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities using a relative disparity measure (relative rate), and the West had the highest disparities using an absolute disparity measure (rate difference). Conclusions:To meet the racial and ethnic disparity goals of the Sexually Transmitted Infections National Strategic Plan, tailored local interventions that address the social and structural factors associated with disparities are needed for different age groups.

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“…From the perspective of associated meteorological or socio-economic factors, previous studies have shown inconsistent results concerning associated factors of syphilis incidence. For example, Smock et al [ 17 ] found that syphilis incidence was higher in poverty-level groupings. However, Read et al [ 18 ] showed that economically developed areas had a higher risk of syphilis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Heterogeneity and Its Influencing Factors of Syphilis in Ningxia, Northwest China, from 2004 to 2017: A Spatial Analysis

Wang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Syphilis remains a growing and resurging infectious disease in China. However, exploring the influence of environmental factors on the spatiotemporal distribution of syphilis remains under explore. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of syphilis in Ningxia, Northwest China, and its potential environmental influencing factors. Based on the standardized incidence ratio of syphilis for 22 administrative areas in Ningxia from 2004 to 2017, spatiotemporal autocorrelation and scan analyses were employed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of syphilis incidence, while a fixed-effect spatial panel regression model identified the potential factors affecting syphilis incidence. Syphilis incidence increased from 3.78/100,000 in 2004 to 54.69/100,000 in 2017 with significant spatial clustering in 2007 and 2009–2013. The “high–high” and “low–low” clusters were mainly distributed in northern and southern Ningxia, respectively. The spatial error panel model demonstrated that the syphilis incidence may be positively correlated with the per capita GDP and tertiary industry GDP and negatively correlated with the number of health facilities and healthcare personnel. Sex ratio and meteorological factors were not significantly associated with syphilis incidence. These results show that the syphilis incidence in Ningxia is still increasing and has significant spatial distribution differences and clustering. Socio-economic and health-resource factors could affect the incidence; therefore, strengthening syphilis surveillance of migrants in the economically developed region and allocating health resources to economically underdeveloped areas may effectively help prevent and control syphilis outbreaks in high-risk cluster areas of Ningxia.

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Economic Disparities and Syphilis Incidence in Massachusetts, 2001-2013

Abstract: Census tract poverty analyses can inform the targeting of interventions that make progress toward reducing disparities in rates of syphilis incidence possible.

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

Variation in Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary and Secondary Syphilis Diagnosis Rates Among Heterosexually Active Women by Region and Age Group in the United States

Spatial Heterogeneity and Its Influencing Factors of Syphilis in Ningxia, Northwest China, from 2004 to 2017: A Spatial Analysis

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