Economic Development, Trade and Investment in the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean Region

Dąbrowski, Marek; Wulf, Luc De

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2202884

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…EIDs and RIDs occur as a result of interconnection among social, economic, biological, technological, and ecological factors. A high percentage of EMR populations live in poverty with the regional average gross domestic product per capita lagging behind the global average, 6 with significance in Somalia, Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, and Sudan 7 ; thus, further predisposing the region to EIDs and RIDs. Different climate and living conditions lead to the spread of various diseases, 8 with ecological changes playing an important role in the re-emergence of infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018

Mostafavi

Ghasemian

Abubakar

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

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Background: Countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) are predisposed to highly contagious, severe and fatal, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), and re-emerging infectious diseases (RIDs). This paper reviews the epidemiological situation of EIDs and RIDs of global concern in the EMR between 2001 and 2018. Methods: To do a narrative review, a complete list of studies in the field was we prepared following a systematic search approach. Studies that were purposively reviewed were identified to summarize the epidemiological situation of each targeted disease. A comprehensive search of all published studies on EIDs and RIDs between 2001 and 2018 was carried out through search engines including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results: Leishmaniasis, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are reported from all countries in the region. Chikungunya, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), dengue fever, and H5N1 have been increasing in number, frequency, and expanding in their geographic distribution. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which was reported in this region in 2012 is still a public health concern. There are challenges to control cholera, diphtheria, leishmaniasis, measles, and poliomyelitis in some of the countries. Moreover, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHF), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are limited to some countries in the region. Also, there is little information about the real situation of the plague, Q fever, and tularemia. Conclusion: EIDs and RIDs are prevalent in most countries in the region and could further spread within the region. It is crucial to improve regional capacities and capabilities in preventing and responding to disease outbreaks with adequate resources and expertise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018

Mostafavi

Ghasemian

Abubakar

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

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“…Moreover, a study in Egypt reported that 53.6% of the 160 participants believed the main motive behind self-medication was cost-saving, with the most frequent self-administered drugs being analgesics (59.5%) and antibiotics (23.5%) [ 40 ]. Additionally, the economic instability in the EMR has resulted in poor jurisdictions that have ultimately facilitated the habit of SMA [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Medication with Antibiotics during COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries: A Review

et al. 2022

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Self-treatment with medicines including treatment with antibiotics is a growing global concern, as it can cause public health problems, such as antibiotic resistance and drug toxicity. Therefore, the significance of the self-medication impact of COVID-19 in any region can have an influence on the prevalence of such problems. The review aimed to investigate the self-treatment with antibiotics among the general population in Eastern Mediterranean region countries during COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive review of literature in four databases was conducted for the pandemic period from January 2020 to the end of March 2022. Nine studies related to self-treatment with antibiotics were found. The studies were homogeneous in terms of assessing the antibiotic self-treatment usage during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population and among community pharmacies. The prevalence of self-treatment with antibiotics ranged from 20.8% to 45.8% between the studies. The main reasons for that were cost-saving, fear of COVID-19 infection, quarantine, and ease of accessibility without time limits. Antibiotic self-treatment has been high during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it was less reported during the study period than before the time of the pandemic. There is a need for more restrictions on dispensing antibiotics from community pharmacies. In addition, there is a need to raise awareness among the population regarding self-treatment with antibiotics.

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“…Out of 44 rodent species, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus were frequently identified with the cestode infestation. Three species of cestodes have been frequently reported, viz: Hymenolepis diminuta (20 reports from 5 countries), Hymenolepis nana (30,9), and Cysticercus fasciolaris (23,4).…”

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Middle East is an intercontinental region with a total population of over 411 million [ 8 ] in 17 sovereign countries, including Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen. The majority of people in this region live in poverty [ 9 ], with the highest percentage being specific to Yemen, Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and Iraq [ 10 , 11 ]. Cultural diversity, weak economic policy, poor governance, rapid population growth, low educational structure, gender discrimination, underdeveloped infrastructure, and war and conflict have turned the region into a hot spot for many emerging and re-emerging diseases, including rodent-borne parasitic infections [ 9 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of people in this region live in poverty [ 9 ], with the highest percentage being specific to Yemen, Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and Iraq [ 10 , 11 ]. Cultural diversity, weak economic policy, poor governance, rapid population growth, low educational structure, gender discrimination, underdeveloped infrastructure, and war and conflict have turned the region into a hot spot for many emerging and re-emerging diseases, including rodent-borne parasitic infections [ 9 , 12 , 13 ]. In the past, rodent-borne infections have led to multiple instances of a fatal epidemic, in part due to a lack of relevant information available on the subject, which makes it difficult to maintain public health sustainability [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Helminth Parasites among Rodents in the Middle East Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Islam

Farag

Hassan

et al. 2020

Animals

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Rodents can be a source of zoonotic helminths in the Middle East and also in other parts of the world. The current systematic review aimed to provide baseline data on rodent helminths to recognize the threats of helminth parasites on public health in the Middle East region. Following a systematic search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, a total of 65 research studies on rodent cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes, which were conducted in the countries of the Middle East, were analyzed. The study identified 44 rodent species from which Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus were most common (63%) and recognized as the primary rodent hosts for helminth infestation in this region. Cestodes were the most frequently reported (n = 50), followed by nematodes (49), and trematodes (14). The random effect meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of cestode (57.66%, 95%CI: 34.63–80.70, l2% = 85.6, p < 0.001) was higher in Saudi Arabia, followed by nematode (56.24%, 95%CI: 11.40–101.1, l2% = 96.7, p < 0.001) in Turkey, and trematode (15.83%, 95%CI: 6.25–25.1, l2% = 98.5, p < 0.001) in Egypt. According to the overall prevalence estimates of individual studies, nematodes were higher (32.71%, 95%CI: 24.89–40.54, l2% = 98.6, p < 0.001) followed by cestodes (24.88%, 95%CI: 19.99–29.77, l2% = 94.9, p < 0.001) and trematodes (10.17%, 95%CI: 6.7–13.65, l2% = 98.3, p < 0.001) in the rodents of the Middle East countries. The review detected 22 species of helminths, which have zoonotic importance. The most frequent helminths were Capillaria hepatica, Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana, and Cysticercus fasciolaris. There was no report of rodent-helminths from Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Furthermore, there is an information gap on rodent helminths at the humans-animal interface level in Middle East countries. Through the One Health approach and countrywide detailed studies on rodent-related helminths along with their impact on public health, the rodent control program should be conducted in this region.

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Economic Development, Trade and Investment in the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean Region

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018

Self-Medication with Antibiotics during COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries: A Review

Helminth Parasites among Rodents in the Middle East Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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