Economic Development Patterns and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America

Ascher, William; Mirovitskaya, Natalia

doi:10.1057/9781137272690_1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…Under pressure from international lenders, Bolivia implemented reforms regarding inflation control, privatization, liberalization of trade and financial systems as well as other fiscal and monetary measures (Ascher and Mirovitskaya 2012).…”

Section: Boliviamentioning

confidence: 99%

South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange

Dorninger

Eisenmenger²

2016

Journal of Political Ecology

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International trade is becoming increasingly important in the strategies of industrialized economies ('core' countries) to meet their physical needs and maintain their social metabolism. Less industrialized ('non-core') countries, in particular those with low population densities such as countries in South America, provide a large share of the natural resources currently being used by the 'core' countries. This article analyzes the relations of biophysical exchange of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil with global 'core' and 'non-core' countries in order to add to a discussion of possible relations of different national economic policies, such as import substituting industrialization or neoliberal adjustment, on the countries' physical trade balances (PTBs). By that we will provide a biophysical reading of ecologically unequal exchange; by investigating whether there is a physical net trade flow from 'non-core' to 'core' countries, whether primary products dominate exports of 'non-core' countries in exchange for processed products from 'core' countries, and whether the notion of unfavorable mass-to-price relation for the trading 'non-core' countries applies (Hornborg 2012;Martinez-Alier 2007). The magnitudes, type of material, stage of processing and monetary value of the traded goods are analyzed for the time period from 1962 to 2011. The evaluations have been carried out for trade relations with the 'core' and the 'non-core' countries separately. Additionally, in order to trace the so-called China Effect, which led to the period of new extractivism, the quantities exported to China are shown separately. The results indicate that the three countries examined are net exporters of physical quantities. The physical involvement in 'core'-and 'non-core'-related international trade differs greatly, but at the same time the relative importance of the 'core' as trading partner has decreased steadily over the five decades. Still, 'core'-related trade involves the most unfavorable mass-to-price relation. These conditions, i.e. high importance of unprocessed export commodities, low average unit prices, and an unfavorable monetary trade balance (MTB), reveal many characteristics of an ecologically unequal exchange. This is especially true for Argentina and Brazil. Due to its lower economic performance and limited involvement in international trade, Bolivia to some extent represents an exception. Keywords: Ecologically unequal exchange, physical trade balance, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil. RésuméLe commerce international devient de plus en plus important pour les économies industrialisées afin de satisfaire leurs besoins matériels et maintenir leur fonctionnement social. Les pays en voie de développement, en particulier ceux qui présentent une faible densité de population comme l'Amérique du Sud, fournissent une 1 Christian Dorninger, PhD candidate, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany. E-mail: christian.dorninger "at" leuphana.de. This article is based on his Masters thesis i...

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Section: Boliviamentioning

confidence: 99%

South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange

Dorninger

Eisenmenger²

2016

Journal of Political Ecology

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Understanding the Policymaking Process in Developing Countries

Ascher

2017

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The unequal impact on public insecurity as another expression of socio-economic inequality: an initial exploration of the Mexican case

Rosales¹

2017

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RESUMEN La creciente inseguridad pública ha afectado negativamente la calidad de vida de todos los linchamientos, el aislamiento en enclaves vigilados, entre otras medidas de seguridad individuales o colectivas, formales e informales, legales e ilegales que implican costos y beneficios desiguales para las personas. De esta forma, los agentes del Estado mexicano -al decidir políticamente descentralizar, privatizar1 Tiene el grado de Doctorado en Estudios de Paz y Resolución de Conflictos por la Universidad de Bradford en Reino Unido . Actualmente es profesora e investigadora de la Universidad de Estocolmo en Suecia . Es profesora visitante de la Universidad de Uppsala, la Universidad Iberoamericana y la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez en temas de prevención de la violencia, seguridad, transformación constructiva de los conflictos, negociación colaborativa, geopolítica y acción humanitaria, derechos humanos, entre otros temas, con especialización en Estudios Latinoamericanos .

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Economic Development Patterns and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange

South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange

Understanding the Policymaking Process in Developing Countries

The unequal impact on public insecurity as another expression of socio-economic inequality: an initial exploration of the Mexican case

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