Economic Approaches for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey

Abstract

Efficient resource allocation is one of the key concerns of implementing cognitive radio networks. Game theory has been extensively used to study the strategic interactions between primary and secondary users for effective resource allocation. The concept of spectrum trading has introduced a new direction for the coexistence of primary and secondary users through economic benefits to primary users. The use of price theory and market theory from economics has played a vital role to facilitate economic models for spectrum trading. So, it is important to understand the feasibility of using economic approaches as well as to realize the technical challenges associated with them for implementation of cognitive radio networks. With this motivation, we present an extensive summary of the related work that use economic approaches such as game theory and/or price theory/market theory to model the behavior of primary and secondary users for spectrum sharing and discuss the associated issues. We also propose some open directions for future research on economic aspects of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks.

Evaluation of environmental impact assessment report preparation and public participation in landfill projects in Nepal

“…And, even though the equipment is there, the electricity supply is unreliable at best. The power goes out so frequently that it is difficult to sustain a working system and the aerators are damaged (Maharjan, 2010). The government has money and a plan, but leachate is collected in ponds and allowed directly into Kolpu Khola because there are no means to implement any measures.…”

“…The same people that are complaining are the people who are 1993 9 1994 14 1995 22 1996 23 1997 25 1998 36 1999 38 2000 41 2002 47 2003 55 2004 59 2005 69 2006 77 2007 81 2008 83 2010 97 stealing" (Maharjan, 2010). Within the last four years of operation, the Sisdol and Aletar landfills have been closed for a total of 288 days because of strikes by local people (Maharjan, 2010). Because there is no instrument for enforcement, no one can take any action on these things (Maharjan, 2010).…”

“…Within the last four years of operation, the Sisdol and Aletar landfills have been closed for a total of 288 days because of strikes by local people (Maharjan, 2010). Because there is no instrument for enforcement, no one can take any action on these things (Maharjan, 2010). Similarly, the Sisdol landfill was supposed to have a buffer zone, according to the EIA.…”

“…People are complaining in landfill locations while people seem to be happy with other developmental activities. The EIA for landfill projects is not fully realized (Maharjan, 2010). Citing the landfill management practice at Sisdol, Maharjan (2010) claimed that it is a complete failure.…”

“…The EIA for landfill projects is not fully realized (Maharjan, 2010). Citing the landfill management practice at Sisdol, Maharjan (2010) claimed that it is a complete failure. Generally, the EIA for SWM projects in Nepal is carried out after sites have been selected.…”