Economic and social functions of cities: methodology and management tools balanced development

Abstract

In the monograph, based on extensive statistical and operational information showing disparities in the development of social and economic functions of cities which have a serious negative impact on the recovery of economic growth in Russia, which is determined by the role of cities as centres of population (three quarters of the population of Russia) and most of the economic potential. 
 Imbalances in development of social and economic functions of cities in Russia can be attributed, the specifics of the historical path of our country, so have no analogue abroad. The rapidity of urbanization, utilization of limited resources primarily for industrial development, the policy needs of the population in Soviet times when the opposite rhetoric and more resulted in impaired development of social sphere of cities. The author identified and presented in the monograph rales imbalances in the development of social and economic functions of cities; the reasons for strengthening the destructive impact of imbalances in economic growth at the stages of social and technological transitions, one of which endures today Russia.
 Integrated assessment modelling of multiparameter characteristics economic and social functions and determine the nature and extent of the imbalances in the book outlines basic principles of evaluation methodologies, algorithmic procedures and tools of functional urban typology based on the identities of the proportions of the social and economic development. The monograph presents results of the calculations carried out by the author on the basis of the developed methods to 115 cities in Russia, manufacturing centres. Showing the most profound disparities in urban development, impeding the formation of human capital and improve the quality of life of the population, essential attributes of the post-industrial society, towards which are all developed countries of the world, including Russia.
 The book is built on the vast digital material has 44 drawing and table 49.. It is intended for specialists in the field of urban economy, teachers, students, and research staff.

A contribution to the knowledge of bryophytes in polar areas subjected to rapid deglaciation: a case study from southeastern Spitsbergen

“…This species is apparently widespread in the Svalbard archipelago and all collections examined by Żarnowiec [58], in his monographic studies of this complex, were referred to this species, which is primarily characterized by relatively short laminal cells, to 50 μm. This species was recently reported from the Grønfjord area [13]. A very rare species collected only once on a young moraine where it occurred as a small monospecific patch.…”

“…In the most recent survey of bryophytes of Svalbard, Frisvoll and Elvebakk [3] recorded 85 species of liverwort and 288 species of moss in this area. Over the following 2 decades, studies on the bryoflora continued [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], providing much new distributional data for these plants in this Arctic archipelago. As the area of Svalbard is subjected to deglaciation in many places, new discoveries of species and changes in the frequency of species that are already known to exist there are to be expected.…”

“…It is a relatively rare species on Spitsbergen, widely distributed but scattered in the western part of the island and so far it has not been recorded from the island's eastern coast [3,4]. It was recently reported from Linnévatnet lake in Nordenskiöld Land [15] and Edgeøya [21] (Fig. 4C).…”

“…A very rare and scarce species in the study area growing on bare soil on moraines with Pohlia nutans, Ceratodon purpureus, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichum juniperinum, and Sanionia uncinata. It was reported for the first time in Spitsbergen from Hornsund [56] and later collected at some widely scattered sites in western Spitsbergen [3], including the Grønfjord area [13] and Nordaustlandet, Prince Oscar Land [17], and herein it is recorded for the first time from the eastern part of the island. A common and abundant species.…”

“…The species is considered to be very rare in Spitsbergen [3] but it has already been recorded from Sørkapp Land [1]. Recently, it was reported from the Grønfjord area [13], Van Mijenfjord area [14], Pyramiden and Mimerbukta near Pyramiden [24], and Prince Oscar Land on Nordaustlandet [17]. According to some authors, for example Kuc [4], this species may be more frequent than suggested by its published records and its occurrence in great quantity in the study area seems to confirm this assumption (Fig.…”