Economic and physical determinants of the global distributions of crop pests and pathogens

Bebber, Daniel P.; Holmes, Tim; Smith, David; Gurr, Sarah J.

doi:10.1111/nph.12722

Cited by 80 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…National wealth also increases with latitude (71). Together, these lead to a lower observational capacity in the tropics compared with the temperate zones (8). Although the number of potential fungal plant pathogens for any given host plant can be disputed, it should be clear that the tropics harbor a large reservoir of known, emerging, and as yet unknown infectious plant diseases.…”

Section: Are There Just More Pathogens In the Tropics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops

Drenth

Guest

2016

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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The tropics produce a range of fruit from tree crops that cannot be grown in colder climates. Bananas, mangos, several nuts, spices, coffee, and cacao are widely traded and much sought after around the world. However, the sustainable production of these tropical tree fruit crops faces significant challenges. Among these, losses due to pests and diseases play a large part in reducing yields, quality, and profitability. Using bananas and cacao as key examples, we outline some of the reasons fungal and oomycete diseases cause such significant losses to tropical tree crops. Cultivation of monocultures derived from limited genetic diversity, environmental conditions conducive for disease development, high levels of disease incidence and severity, a lack of disease resistance in planting materials, shortages of labor, and inadequate infrastructure and investment pose significant challenges, especially for smallholder producers. The expansion of travel and trade has given rise to emerging infectious plant diseases that add further insecurity and pressure. We conclude that holistic actions are needed on multiple fronts to address the growing problem of disease in tropical fruit tree crops.

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Section: Are There Just More Pathogens In the Tropics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outside of a few major pathogens, especially in the tropics, we are not systematically tracking the global distribution of plant pathogens (8). Sound information upon which to base judgments on the potential of emerging infectious diseases is generally lacking.…”

Section: Lessons Learned and Challenges Aheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops

Drenth

Guest

2016

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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“…However, even with such regulations in place, the immense volume of global trade makes the introduction of new pests almost inevitable (Brockerhoff et al 2006b). In addition, although quarantine methods have become largely standardized between countries through organizations such as the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), the allocation of resources and implementation of these regulations is far from standardised, especially between developed and undeveloped economies (Bebber et al 2014b). …”

Section: Spread For Example Guidelines Proposed Under the Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing numbers and intercontinental spread of invasive insects on eucalypts

et al. 2016

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Native to Australasia, Eucalyptus (sensu lato) is one of the most planted genera of trees in the world. However, the sustainability of Eucalyptus species as plantation trees in non-native areas is increasingly threatened by the introduction and spread of Eucalyptus-feeding insects fromAustralia. We examine patterns and potential trends with respect to the global spread of Eucalyptusfeeding insects. Likely pathways of introduction and drivers of the rapid distribution of these insects, as well as management options are considered. The rate of introductions is shown to have increased nearly fivefold since the 1980s. As a result, the number of non-native pests of eucalypts outside of Australia has doubled in less than three decades. Furthermore, the rate of secondary spread among continents has also increased. Surprisingly, we found no association between area planted and the number of pests or new introductions. Only a small number of countries have been the points of first detection outside the native range; these countries have acted as bridgeheads to other regions.Quarantine regulations aimed at reducing the spread of invasive organisms appear to be ineffective at a global scale, and pathways allowing these invasions to occur are poorly understood or unknown. An expanded suite of management options are needed to provide resilience against the rapid accrual and homogenization of eucalypt pests, thereby ensuring the sustainability of eucalypt forestry worldwide.

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“…Firstly, a global analysis of pathogen distributions shows that a country's ability to monitor and report accurately its pathogen load increases with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), but also relates to a country's research capacity and expenditure (Bebber et al, 2014a). This poses a major challenge to development of pathogen control strategies in poorer nations.…”

Section: The Growing Threat Of Crop Pathogens To Global Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we will need to ensure a better geographic food spread to meet this increasing demand. Global food security (GFS) is further challenged by the spread of pathogens via trade and transport (Anderson et al, 2004;Brown and Hovmøller, 2002;Bebber et al, 2014a). Aside from such socio-economic issues, various ''abiotic'' threats challenge GFS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%