Economic and ecological aspects of biodiesel production over homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil Based Biodiesel via Ferric-Manganese Promoted Molybdenum Oxide / Zirconia Nanoparticle Solid acid Catalyst: Influence of Ferric and Manganese Dopants

“…These systems are able to minimize the need for separation and washing protocol assist regeneration and reusability of the catalyst 8 . Moreover, this group suggests efficient, environmental, industrial and financial gains which are significant factors towards enhanced and efficient procedure for preparation of biodiesel 9 .…”

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

“…Kiss et al [16] performed a study to evaluate the cost and environmental aspects of the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic transesterification process in largescale biodiesel production plants. The results revealed the advantages of the heterogeneous process in terms of higher yield of biodiesel and higher purity of glycerin, as well as lower cost of catalyst and maintenance, even though the energy consumption and associated costs are higher in the case of heterogeneous catalyst.…”

“…The results revealed the advantages of the heterogeneous process in terms of higher yield of biodiesel and higher purity of glycerin, as well as lower cost of catalyst and maintenance, even though the energy consumption and associated costs are higher in the case of heterogeneous catalyst. The analysis showed that if the energy costs are below US$85 per ton of biodiesel, the heterogeneous process can be economically viable [16]. Regarding environmental aspects, the application of the heterogeneous process would result in reduced risk associated with spillage or leakage of hazardous and flammable chemicals.…”

Biodiesel production through non-catalytic supercritical transesterification: current state and perspectives

“…Current literature suggests the use of various acid and basic heterogeneous catalysts, with catalyst reuse; however, heterogeneous chemical catalysis generally shows low yields compared to homogeneous alkaline catalysis (Helwani et al, 2009;Kiss et al, 2010). The use of enzyme-catalyzed transesterification methods has some drawbacks.…”