Economic Analysis of Kiwifruit Irrigation in a Humid Climate

Judd, M. J.; McAneney, K. J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-024304-4.50011-0

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In conclusion, the sensitivity of fruit growth to water stress in kiwifruit vines (Judd & McAneney, 1987) has led to a tendency in New Zealand to increase vine irrigation to values in excess of local average Penman-Monteith estimates of evapotranspiration (Buwalda & Smith, 1990). However, the speed with which the roots die and the associated damage to the leaves, necessitate caution in the use of total water replacement irrigation techniques for slowly draining soil types.…”

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system

et al. 1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe extent to which kiwifruit vines {Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) recovered from transient waterlogging of the root system was determined under controlled conditions. Vines were waterlogged for periods varying from 1 to 7 days. The effects of decreasing concentrations of oxygen in the root zone on growth of the vine were rapid with substantial reductions occurring after being exposed to oxygen concentrations in the surrounding water of less than 0-125 mmol 1"^ for as little as 1 day. There was no evidence of recovery of growth once aeration was restored to the roots, except for the appearance of new roots at the base of the stems of vines that had been waterlogged for less than 5 days. The quantity of new roots grown was inversely related to the time of waterlogging. Although new roots were also found on the control vines, the quantities involved were very much less than for the vmes stressed for up to 4 days. No new roots were found for vines waterlogged for more than 4 days.The substantial loss of dry weight of roots of vines waterlogged for more than 3 days was due in part to a lack of growth and to a physical loss of root tissue. The loss of tissue resulted from the detachment of the cortex from the central stele through the dissolution of an entire layer of cortical cells which, in the control vines, were filled with starch. A microscopic examination of the cells of the root from waterlogged vines showed the cortical cells to be generally distorted with much of the intercellular material missing.The closure of the stomata within 2-3 h of the roots being waterlogged and the rapid desiccation of the leaves that followed the closure, was consistent with earlier findings with kiwifruit vines. Some recovery of stomatal activity occurred for vines that had been waterlogged for less than 4 days once the oxygen supply to the root was restored. For vines that had their roots submerged for only 1 day, stomatal activity was fully restored 3 days after the vines were removed from the water. In contrast, there was no recovery of stomatal activity for vines that had been waterlogged for more than 3 days.A feature of stomatal behaviour that was not related to the effects of oxygen stress was the cyclic pattern which developed. Each cycle repeated itself every 4-6 days and consisted of a period of high stomatal conductance followed by a sharp decline to a much lower level. A highly significant negative relationship was found between the level of photosynthetically active radiation and stomatal behaviour.It was concluded that the speed with which the roots die and the associated damage to the leaves under anoxic conditions greatly limits the ability of kiwifruit vines to resume growth once oxygen supply to the root has been restored.

show abstract

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system

et al. 1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 shows the fruit growth curves for all six sites and 3 years. The curves are adequately described by a two-phase curve as described by Judd & McAneney (1987) and Snelgar et al (1992). We did not see the double sigmoid curves sometimes noted for kiwifruit (Hopping 1976;Van Oostrom 1985 ;Lai et al 1989;Walton & De Jong 1990).…”

Section: Predicting Mean Harvest Fruit Volume From Early-season Measumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some describe the curve of fresh weight or fruit volume increase in kiwifruit as having two distinct, approximately linear phases (Judd & McAneney 1987;Snelgar et al 1992;Tombesi et al 1994). During the initial phase there is rapid growth lasting for up to 50-60 days after anthesis, by which time almost half of the final fruit volume is reached.…”

Section: Shape Of the Growth Curvementioning

confidence: 99%

Using early‐season measurements to estimate fruit volume at harvest in kiwifruit

Hall

McPherson

Crawford

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The results of controlled environment experiments and a field survey covering six major New Zealand kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) growing regions over 3 years showed, surprisingly, that the effect of temperature on the rate of fruit growth is small, at least during the second half of the fruit growth period. The considerable variation in the mean and standard deviation of fruit volume at harvest observed in the field among seasons and sites is therefore not attributable to temperature differences during the fruit-growing season. This raises the possibility that most of the factors affecting fruit growth rates may be established early in the season, so harvest fruit volumes can be predicted from early-season measurements. Mean fruit volumes observed in the field survey ranged from <85 ml (Kerikeri 1987 and Te Puke 1989) to > 130 ml (Kerikeri 1988 proportion of this should be attributed to management practices such as fruit thinning. The fruit growth curves could be described by a two-phase curve, with a reduction in slope 50-60 days after flowering. The initial phase, up to 50 days from flowering, produced growth rates of 1.55 ml/day. The second, slower phase of growth, averaged 0.42 ml/day over the period to harvest. A simple linear regression model was used to predict the mean fruit volume at harvest from measurements of fruit volume made at a given time during the period from 50 to 110 days from flowering (typically mid January and mid March, respectively). The percentage of the variation in mean fruit volume at harvest accounted for by the regression was 75% when based on measurements made 50 days from flowering and rose to nearly 98%, 110 days from flowering. A similar approach was used to predict the standard deviation of fruit volume at harvest. The observed standard deviation at harvest varied from 10 ml to just over 20 ml, which is within the range published by others. The regression of the standard deviation of the fruit volume at harvest on the standard deviation of fruit volume earlier in the season accounted for more than 80% of the observed variation from 50 days after flowering onwards.

show abstract

“…This is unfortunate because the number and distribution of flowers directly affects the commercial yield in kiwifruit. Too few flowers limit yield, too many lead to a high proportion of undersized fruit (Cooper et al 1988;Richardson & McAneney 1990;Cooper & Marshall 1991) and this has dramatic effects on financial returns (Judd & McAneney 1987;Doyle et al 1989;Snelgar et al 1991) The timing of budbreak and flowering is also known to vary over wide limits and to be influenced by climate and weather. Davison (1990) noted that there was a consistent delay in flowering time of up to 7 days along a rise in altitude of 270 m near Te Puke.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Seasonal and regional variation in budbreak and flowering of kiwifruit vines in New Zealand

McPherson

Hall

Stanley

1994

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Measurements of the timing and amount of budbreak and flowering in 'Hayward' kiwifruit were made over 4 years in six regions of New Zealand. There was a large variation in the vine attributes measured. The number of flowers produced/winter bud varied 5-fold between the worst site-year combination and the best. The time of 50% budbreak varied by 32 days and the time of 50% flowering by 25 days. The proportion of flowers on the distal (tip) two buds ranged in a single year from a low of 10% at one site to > 65% at another on canes which had an average of 21 buds. The number of flowers/winter bud is considered to be made up of four components: the proportion of budbreak, the proportion of floral buds, the number of inflorescences/floral bud, and the number of flowers/ inflorescence. The proportion of budbreak and the proportion of floral buds were found to be most important in determining the number of flowers produced/winter bud, and both of these components were significantly higher at the cooler, southern, sites. The vines measured in this survey were all H93053 chosen from a single block in a single orchard within each region, so between-vine variation was minimised. Despite this, total between-vine variation accounted for nearly 40% of the observed variance in the proportion of budbreak and about a quarter of the observed variance in the number of flowers/ winter bud and the proportion of floral buds. Differences between regions were significant for all vine attributes measured except the number of inflorescences/floral bud, with cooler sites generally breaking bud earlier and producing more flowers. When averaged over all 4 years, the number of flowers/winter bud was over twice as high at the coolest site than at the warmest, and budbreak occurred more than 3 weeks earlier. The proportion of flowers on the tip two buds varied from an average of < 17% at one site to > 50% at the warmest site. Year-to-year differences were generally not significant when averaged over all regions, except that flowering tended to be early or late at all sites in the same years. Year-to-year variation was however very important within each region. Over 50% of the variance in the number of inflorescences/ floral bud was the result of year-to-year variation, and over a third of the variance of the number of flowers/winter bud. At the warmest site, both the number of flowers/winter bud and the proportion of flowers borne by the tip two buds varied more than 2-fold in consecutive years. It is this betweenseason variation that is of major significance in orchard management. It is also important for the industry at large because of the need to organise transport, storage, and marketing on a region-byregion basis.

show abstract

Economic Analysis of Kiwifruit Irrigation in a Humid Climate

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system

Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system

Using early‐season measurements to estimate fruit volume at harvest in kiwifruit

Seasonal and regional variation in budbreak and flowering of kiwifruit vines in New Zealand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About