“…Gender‐based divisions of labor were not strict in rural contexts and women frequently supported men in agricultural activities in addition to performing domestic labor, such as laundry, pasta‐making, and other food preparation activities (Reyerson, 2013; Whittle, 2013). Sex and gender‐based differences in occupation, physical activity, and daily chores are documented in bioarchaeological studies of rural Medieval Europe (Dewitte, 2012; Kinkopf et al, 2021; Reitsema & Vercellotti, 2012; Smith et al, 2019; e.g., Sofaer Derevenski, 2000), although these studies show that differences are nuanced and context‐specific. Furthermore, rural medieval women are likely to have participated in domestic activities (Figure 2; such as, pasta making and cooking) and in agricultural activities (Figure 3; such as, planting, harvesting, threshing) based on historical and art historical evidence.…”