Economía de los biocombustibles líquidos

Lemus, Ricardo Guerrero; Marrero, Gustavo A.; Puch, Luis A.

doi:10.32796/cice.2012.83.6037

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Since the reaction is thermodynamically limited, an excess of alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium towards product formation [4]. In numerical terms, global biodiesel production has experienced an increase of 928% between 2000 and 2019 (Figure 2) [5]. This behavior is due to the policies implemented by governments to encourage the use of biofuels, such as the establishment of a mandatory percentage in diesel, preferential taxes, and some subsidies, added to the increased demand for fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behavior is due to the policies implemented by governments to encourage the use of biofuels, such as the establishment of a mandatory percentage in diesel, preferential taxes, and some subsidies, added to the increased demand for fuels. In numerical terms, global biodiesel production has experienced an increase of 928% between 2000 and 2019 (Figure 2) [5]. This behavior is due to the policies implemented by governments to encourage the use of biofuels, such as the establishment of a mandatory percentage in diesel, preferential taxes, and some subsidies, added to the increased demand for fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, biodiesel consumption is relatively decentralized: the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, France, and Germany account for 14%, 13%, 12%, 12%, 8%, and 5% of the world total, respectively. The remaining 48% is distributed among the other countries of the world, with significant shares from Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Argentina (Figure 3b) [5]. The demand for biodiesel is expected to continue to increase, especially in developing countries, given policies aimed at increasing the mandatory percentage in traditional fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The five main biodiesel producers in the world are Indonesia (16%), the United States (13%), Brazil (11%), Germany (8%), and France (5%). The remaining 47% of production is distributed in other countries of the world, with the significant participation of Argentina, Spain, the Netherlands, Thailand, and Malaysia (Figure 3a) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 75 The five main biodiesel producers in the world are Indonesia (16%), the United States (13%), Brazil (11%), Germany (8%), and France (5%). The remaining 47% of production is distributed in other countries of the world, with the significant participation of Argentina, Spain, the Netherlands, Thailand, and Malaysia (Figure 3a) [5]. Furthermore, biodiesel consumption is relatively decentralized: the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, France, and Germany account for 14%, 13%, 12%, 12%, 8%, and 5% of the world total, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneous Catalysts for Glycerol Biorefineries: Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propylene Glycol

et al. 2023

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Research on the use of biomass resources for the generation of energy and chemical compounds is of great interest worldwide. The development and growth of the biodiesel industry has led to a parallel market for the supply of glycerol, its main by-product. Its wide availability and relatively low cost as a raw material make glycerol a basic component for obtaining various chemical products and allows for the development of a biorefinery around biodiesel plants, through the technological integration of different production processes. This work proposes a review of one of the reactions of interest in the biorefinery environment: the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propylene glycol. The article reviews more than 300 references, covering literature from about 20 years, focusing on the heterogeneous catalysts used for the production of glycol. In this sense, from about 175 catalysts, between bulk and supported ones, were revised and discussed critically, based on noble metals, such as Ru, Pt, Pd, and non-noble metals as Cu, Ni, Co, both in liquid (2–10 MPa, 120–260 °C) and vapor phase (0.1 MPa, 200–300 °C). Then, the effect of the main operational and decision variables, such as temperature, pressure, catalyst/glycerol mass ratio, space velocity, and H2 flow, are discussed, depending on the reactors employed. Finally, the formulation of several kinetic models and stability studies are presented, discussing the main deactivation mechanisms of the catalytic systems such as coking, leaching, and sintering, and the presence of impurities in the glycerol feed. It is expected that this work will serve as a tool for the development of more efficient catalytic materials and processes towards the future projection of glycerol biorefineries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneous Catalysts for Glycerol Biorefineries: Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propylene Glycol

et al. 2023

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Transformations of Glycerol into High-Value-Added Chemical Products: Ketalization and Esterification Reactions

Perez,

Gatti,

Santori

et al. 2023

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Biomass allows us to obtain energy and high-value-added compounds through the use of different physical and chemical processes. The glycerol obtained as a by-product in the synthesis of biodiesel is considered a biomass compound that has the potential to be used as a raw material to obtain different chemical products for industry. The development and growth of the biodiesel industry allows for the projection of glycerol biorefineries around these plants that efficiently and sustainably integrate the biodiesel production process together with the glycerol transformation processes. This work presents a review of the ketalization and esterification of glycerol to obtain solketal and acetylglycerols, which are considered products of high added value for the chemical and fuel industry. First, the general aspects and mechanisms of both reactions are presented, as well as the related chemical equilibrium concepts. Subsequently, the catalysts employed are described, classifying them according to their catalytic nature (zeolites, carbons, exchange resins, etc.). The reaction conditions used are also described, and the best results for each catalytic system are presented. In addition, stability studies and the main deactivation mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the work presents the kinetic models that have been formulated to date for some of these systems. It is expected that this review work will serve as a tool for the advancement of studies on the ketalization and esterification reactions that allow for the projection of biorefineries based on glycerol as a raw material.

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Just energy transitions to low carbon economies: Coal mining areas and welfare policies

García¹

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Economía de los biocombustibles líquidos

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Glycerol Biorefineries: Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propylene Glycol

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Glycerol Biorefineries: Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propylene Glycol

Transformations of Glycerol into High-Value-Added Chemical Products: Ketalization and Esterification Reactions

Just energy transitions to low carbon economies: Coal mining areas and welfare policies

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