Ecology of World Vegetation

Archibold, O. W.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0009-0

Cited by 462 publications

(296 citation statements)

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“…In addition, since the hydrological budget and the variability in temperature are the main driving factors that determine major vegetation types at global and regional scales [89,90], it was expected that the existence of biotic controls on EFT richness would be derived from the structure and composition of plant biodiversity. Thus, we found that ecoregions with the highest ecosystem functional diversity corresponded to humid forests and flooded ecosystems, particularly those that have a mosaic of forests and savannas with trees and shrubs [91,92]. However, ecoregions corresponding to grasslands and drylands showed the lowest EFT richness, which may be related to the role of frosts and droughts in constraining the diversity of plant species [37] and, hence, of ecosystem functional diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America

et al. 2013

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Abstract:The regional controls of biodiversity patterns have been traditionally evaluated using structural and compositional components at the species level, but evaluation of the functional component at the ecosystem level is still scarce. During the last decades, the role of ecosystem functioning in management and conservation has increased. Our aim was to use satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs, patches of the land-surface with similar carbon gain dynamics) to characterize the regional patterns of ecosystem functional diversity and to evaluate the environmental and human controls that determine EFT richness across natural and human-modified systems in temperate South America. The EFT identification was based on three descriptors of carbon gain dynamics derived from seasonal curves of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): annual mean (surrogate of primary production), seasonal coefficient of variation (indicator of seasonality) and date of maximum EVI (descriptor of phenology). As observed for species richness in the southern hemisphere, water availability, not energy, emerged as the main climatic driver of 128EFT richness in natural areas of temperate South America. In anthropogenic areas, the role of both water and energy decreased and increasing human intervention increased richness at low levels of human influence, but decreased richness at high levels of human influence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America

et al. 2013

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“…Over 80% of the open savannah is burned annually by poachers to attract game to fresh grazing areas (Lauginie 1995), by game wardens to improve visibility and, in very rare cases, perhaps also by lightning. In general, fire has been laid in Africa for over 50 000 years (Hopkins 1992;Archibold 1995), indicating that there has been ample time for an evolutionary response to fire by savannah-dwelling reed frogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frogs flee from the sound of fire

Grafe

Döbler

Linsenmair

2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Fire has an important role in the sensory ecology of many animals. Using acoustic cues to detect approaching fires may give slow-moving animals a head start when fleeing from fires. We report that aestivating juvenile reed frogs (Hyperolius nitidulus) respond to playbacks of the sound of fire by fleeing in the direction of protective cover, where they are safe. This is a novel response to fire not known to occur in other animals. Moreover, we identify the rapid rise-time of the crackling sound of fire as the probable cue used. These results suggest that amphibian hearing not only has evolved through sexual selection, but also must be viewed in a broader context.

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“…These include smaller plant size, prostrate growth form, formation of cushions, and larger flowers (e.g., Archibold, 1995;Savile, 1972;Tikhomirov, 1963). In Artemisia, the arctic taxa are significantly smaller than the non-arctic sisters and have larger flowering heads (Tkach et al, 2008a), whereas no changes in plant size, flower size, or growth form occurred in Ranunculus (Hoffmann et al, 2010).…”

Section: Trait Evolution In Arctic Pedicularismentioning

confidence: 99%

High mountain origin, phylogenetics, evolution, and niche conservatism of arctic lineages in the hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)

Tkach

Ree

Kuss³

et al. 2014

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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The origin of the arctic flora covering the northernmost treeless areas is still poorly understood. Arctic plants may have evolved in situ or immigrated from the adjacent ecosystems. Frequently arctic species have disjunctive distributions between the Arctic and high mountain systems of the temperate zone. This pattern may result from long distance dispersal or from glacial plant migrations and extinctions of intermediate populations. The hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis is represented in the Arctic by c. 28 taxa and ranks among the six most species-rich vascular plant genera of this region. In this study, we test the hypothesis that these lineages evolved from predecessors occurring in northern temperate mountain ranges, many of which are current centers of diversity for the genus. We generated a nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA phylogeny including almost all of the arctic taxa and nearly half of the genus as a whole. The arctic taxa of Pedicularis evolved 12-14 times independently and are mostly nested in lineages that otherwise occur in the high mountains of Eurasia and North America. It appears that only three arctic lineages arose from the present-day center of diversity of the genus, in the Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. Two lineages are probably of lowland origin. Arctic taxa of Pedicularis show considerable niche conservatism with respect to soil moisture and grow predominantly in moist to wet soils. The studied characteristics of ecology, morphology, and chromosome numbers of arctic Pedicularis show a heterogeneous pattern of evolution. The directions of morphological changes among the arctic lineages show opposing trends. Arctic taxa are chiefly diploid, the few tetraploid chromosome numbers of the genus were recorded only for arctic taxa. Five arctic Pedicularis are annuals or biennials, life forms otherwise rare in the Arctic. Other genera of the Orobanchaceae consist also of an elevated number of short-lived species, thus hemiparasitism may favor this life form in the Arctic. a b s t r a c tThe origin of the arctic flora covering the northernmost treeless areas is still poorly understood. Arctic plants may have evolved in situ or immigrated from the adjacent ecosystems. Frequently arctic species have disjunctive distributions between the Arctic and high mountain systems of the temperate zone. This pattern may result from long distance dispersal or from glacial plant migrations and extinctions of intermediate populations. The hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis is represented in the Arctic by c. 28 taxa and ranks among the six most species-rich vascular plant genera of this region. In this study, we test the hypothesis that these lineages evolved from predecessors occurring in northern temperate mountain ranges, many of which are current centers of diversity for the genus. We generated a nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA phylogeny including almost all of the arctic taxa and nearly half of the genus as a whole. The arctic taxa of Pedicularis evolved 12-14 times independently and are ...

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Ecology of World Vegetation

Cited by 462 publications

References 0 publications

Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America

Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America

Frogs flee from the sound of fire

High mountain origin, phylogenetics, evolution, and niche conservatism of arctic lineages in the hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)

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