Ecology of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Endemic Area in Albania

Papa, Anna; Velo, Enkelejda; Papadimitriou, Εvangelia; Cahani, Gjyle; Kota, Majlinda; Bino, Silvia

doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0141

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…According to the studies conducted in different countries, CCHFV was found between 1% and 15% in Hyalomma spp. pools (Yashina et al 2003, Papa et al 2009, Sun et al 2009). According to the studies performed using PCR methodologies, in endemic areas in Turkey, CCHFV RNA was found between 3.22% and 10% in pools that consisted of H. marginatum ticks collected from livestock (Tonbak et al 2006, Vatansever et al 2008) and 16.43% in individually tested host-seeking flat ticks collected from the ground (Vatansever et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, Livestock, and Picnic Sites in the Hyperendemic Region of Turkey

Güneş

Poyraz

Vatansever

2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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During June and July 2007, about 3125 adult ticks were collected from humans, animals, and vegetation in a hyperendemic region (Sivas and Tokat) of Turkey. A total of 2193 ticks were pooled in 225 pools and screened for the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) presence by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dominant tick species was found to be Hyalomma marginatum with the following infestation rates in human, cattle and sheep, respectively: 47.43%, 66.07%, and 30.12%. Maximum likelihood estimation values of CCHFV in H. marginatum ticks collected from human, cattle, and sheep were 0.91% (CI 0.05-4.42), 2.10% (CI 1.12-3.64), and 3.11% (CI 1.18-6.87), respectively. CCHFV antigens were also demonstrated in Hyalomma excavatum, Haemaphysalis parva, and Boophilus annulatus ticks collected from cattle and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks from sheep. Our results suggest that the studied area might maintain its endemic properties in the near future unless effective tick control measures are implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, Livestock, and Picnic Sites in the Hyperendemic Region of Turkey

Güneş

Poyraz

Vatansever

2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…The virus has also been recovered from other thermophilic tick species, including Rhipicephalus ticks in Turkey, Greece and Albania (Yesilbag et al, 2013) (Gargili et al, 2011) (Papadopoulos and Koptopoulos 1978) Papa et al, 2009b) and Dermacentor marginatus in Turkey (Yesilbag et al, 2013).…”

Section: Competent Tick Vectors and Their Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, Douglas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013 b s t r a c tCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.

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“…Although mainly an enzootic infection, outbreaks and sporadic small clusters of CCHF cases occur in humans following direct bites of infected ticks, which are competent reservoirs, or via dermal contact with virus-contaminated tissues, blood, or other body fluids of patients or infected domestic ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats (Nuttall, 2001). Infected animals are, however, asymptomatic (Papa et al 2009). Humans in high-risk occupations (e.g., slaughterhouse workers, shepherds, health care workers, and veterinarians) are prone to CCHF infection (Garcia et al 2006;Gargili et al 2011;Gunes et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CCHF infection mainly circulates in rural areas. Like all other vector-borne diseases, the presence and persistence of zoonotic foci of infection depends on the biological and ecological relationships between three very different kinds of organisms: virus, tick, and vertebrate host (Papa et al 2009). Although CCHF virus has been isolated from several species of hard ticks (Ixodidae), the main group of vectors appears to be ticks of the genus Hyalomma (Nabeth et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse Transcription PCR-Based Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Isolated from Ticks of Domestic Ruminants in Kurdistan Province of Iran

Fakoorziba

Golmohammadi²,

Moradzadeh³

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal viral vector-borne zoonosis which has a mortality rate of up to 30% without treatment in humans. CCHF virus is transmitted to humans by ticks, predominantly from the Hyalomma genus. Following the report of two confirmed and one suspected death due to CCHF virus in Kurdistan province of Iran in 2007, this study was undertaken to determine the fauna of hard ticks on domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) and their possible infection with CCHF virus using reverse transcription PCR technique. This is the first detection of CCHF virus in ticks from the Kurdistan province of Iran. Overall, 414 ixodid ticks were collected from two districts in this province. They represented four genera from which 10 separate species were identified. The Hyalomma genus was the most abundant tick genus (70%). It was the only genus shown to be infected with the CCHF virus using RT-PCR technique. The number of ticks positive for CCHF virus was 5 out of 90 (5.6%) adult ticks. The three remaining genera (Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus, and Dermacentor) were all negative following molecular survey. Four of the five virally-infected ticks were from cattle mainly in the Sanandaj district. We concluded that CCHF virus is present in the Hyalomma ticks on domestic ruminants (cattle) in Kurdistan province of Iran.

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Ecology of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Endemic Area in Albania

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, Livestock, and Picnic Sites in the Hyperendemic Region of Turkey

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, Livestock, and Picnic Sites in the Hyperendemic Region of Turkey

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

Reverse Transcription PCR-Based Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Isolated from Ticks of Domestic Ruminants in Kurdistan Province of Iran

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