Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in a new focus of leishmaniasis in northern Iran

Norouzi, Behzad; Hanafi-Bojd, AA; Moin-Vaziri, Vahideh; Noorallahi, Ayoob; Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105649

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Phlebotomus papatasi is known as the main vector of native and non-native foci of ZCL in Iran [ 18 , 40 ] and neighboring countries [ 41 ], incriminated to prefer semi-arid regions [ 38 ], which is consistent with the present study and the findings of other researchers who believe that high precipitation is a limiting factor in species distribution [ 42 , 43 ]. This may be the reason for the abundance of species in the area.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Jajarm County, an area with high risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in North Khorasan, Iran

Jalali¹,

Nikookar²,

Hosseini-Vasoukolaei³

et al. 2022

BMC Zool

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The present study was conducted to investigate the ecological aspects of sand flies in southwestern North Khorasan, in which cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major has been reported with the highest annual incidence in Iran. Sampling was carried out in four localities including: Khorasha (natural), Ghamiteh (natural), Jorbat (semi urban) and Brick kilns (urban), twice a month using 105 sticky paper traps from indoors and outdoors dwellings during May-December 2017. Specimens were removed from sticky papers, washed in acetone, preserved in 80% ethanol, mounted on microscopic slides by Puri’s medium, and identified using valid morphological keys. Simpson (D), richness (S), Menhinick (DMg), Margalef (DMn), Shannon-Weiner (H′), evenness (J’) were calculated for species diversity. The synanthropic index was determined for the first time in the area. Totally 517 specimens were collected, 47% in outdoors and 30.4% in human indoor dwellings and 22.6% in animal. Eight species of sand flies including 5 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 3 species of the genus Sergentomyia were identified. Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia sintoni were the most common and Eudominant species, active in all months, collected in the maximum number and percentage in September and August, respectively, and showed the highest abundance in outdoors. The synanthropic index ranged from 6.25 to 38.9 in the study area. The Shannon-Wiener index was estimated to be up to 1.4 and 1.37 in Khorasha and November, respectively, which showed the highest diversity due to maximal richness and evenness compared to other areas. High abundance of Ph. papatasi, as the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, can enhance the potential risk of emerging CL in new areas, the data can be equally important when vector control measures are considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Jajarm County, an area with high risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in North Khorasan, Iran

Jalali¹,

Nikookar²,

Hosseini-Vasoukolaei³

et al. 2022

BMC Zool

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“…Thus, fluctuations in local climatic factors resulting in an increase in the global aridity and a longer arid period such as that shown in the study area in 2017 may have allowed P. perniciosus to last longer at high density levels [ 37 ]. This correlation between seasonal variations in the densities with climatic factors, mainly temperature and rainfall, has been abundantly reported [ 8 , 34 , 40 , 43 ]. Phlebotomus perniciosus density was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall in Spain [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…It is well known that these two Larroussius species prevail within a specific bioclimatic continuum from the humid to arid zones of Western Mediterranean countries with inter-specific relationships, with P. perfiliewi and P. perniciosus preferences being for humid and semi-arid zones, respectively [ 18 , 33 ]. In Iran, P. perfiliewi is considered an intermediate species between xerophylious and hygrophylious species that prefer a humid region [ 34 ]. In Tunisia, global aridity of the center and the south of the country seems to limit the distribution of this species to the north above the “dorsal” upland [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity, Abundance and Leishmania infantum Infection Rate of Phlebotomine Sandflies in an Area with Low Incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Tunisia

et al. 2022

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We report the study of sandfly Leishmania infection in an area of low incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Sandflies were collected monthly using CDC light-traps set in houses and animal shelters during May–November 2016 and 2017. All males were identified at the species level. A sample of 878 females including all gravid specimens was subjected to kDNA qPCR for Leishmania detection and parasite load estimation. Leishmania species were determined by ITS1 PCR sequencing, and species identification of infected sandflies was performed by DNA barcoding. Phlebotomus perfiliewi and P. perniciosus were the dominant species during the two-year period. However, comparison of their relative abundances showed that P. perniciosus was more abundant during peaks of 2017 with longer activity duration. Real-time kDNA PCR did not detect Leishmania infection in 2016, although it identified four positive specimens (0.7%) in 2017. All four infected specimens were identified as P. perniciosus. ITS1 PCR sequencing allowed L. infantum identification in one kDNA qPCR-positive specimen. This was a P. perniciosus gravid female with a high parasite load caught during the long-lasting peak of 2017. This work highlights the usefulness of multi-seasonal studies of sandfly dynamics and kDNA qPCR in screening Leishmania infection and determining L. infantum vectors in hypo-endemic foci of human leishmaniasis.

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“…sumbarica were reported as new records in Mazandaran Province. Other related studies in northern Iran were recently conducted in Gilan Province, neighboring Mazandaran Province, in which eleven species of sand flies were reported ( 26 , 27 ). In the present study, twelve species of sand flies were identified, so the species richness is higher than the previous studies, it probably indicates a thorough sampling effort in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioecological Study on the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Sari County, North of Iran

Hosseini-Vasoukolaei¹,

Ghavibazou²,

Akhavan³

et al. 2023

JAD

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Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania species, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in the world. Present study aimed to evaluate the bioecological aspects of sand flies in different ecotopes in Sari County, north of Iran. Methods: Sand flies were collected from four villages in mountainous, forest, plain and peri-urban areas monthly using sticky traps in May–October 2016. Mounted specimens were identified using valid identification keys under optical microscope. The Arc GIS 10.5 software was applied for showing the distribution of sand flies. Shannon-Weiner, Simpson and Evenness species diversity indices were calculated. Results: Generally, 334 specimens were captured and identified, namelly Phlebotomus kandelakii, Ph. papatasi, Ph. major, Ph. sergenti, Ph. longiductus, Ph. halepensis, Ph. tobbi, Sergentomyia dentata, Se. theodori, Se. sintoni, Se. antennata and Se. sumbarica. The most common species was Ph. kandelakii (n= 128, 38.32 %). The highest Simpson index (0.81) and abundance (N= 141) were recorded in the mountaineous area. Shannon diversity index was higher in the forest (H'= 1.53) and the highest evenness index was in the plain area (J'= 0.93). The highest richness (S= 9) and Shannon indices (H'= 1.57) were observed in June. Conclusions: Phlebotomus kandelakii, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, Ph. longiductus, Se. theodori, Se. antennata and Se. sumbarica were recorded for the first time in the study area. Since some species are incriminated for leishmaniasis transmission, further studies are required in the northern regions of Iran to timely control measures planning.

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Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in a new focus of leishmaniasis in northern Iran

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Jajarm County, an area with high risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in North Khorasan, Iran

Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Jajarm County, an area with high risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in North Khorasan, Iran

Diversity, Abundance and Leishmania infantum Infection Rate of Phlebotomine Sandflies in an Area with Low Incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Tunisia

Bioecological Study on the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Sari County, North of Iran

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