Ecology of Anopheles darlingi, the Primary Malaria Vector in the Americas and Current Nongenetic Methods of Vector Control

Conn, Jan E.; Ribolla, Paulo Eduardo Martins

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800246-9.00005-3

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…darlingi larval habitats in the various studies might be due to An. darlingi genetic variability [ 46 , 47 ] and local adaptation [ 48 ]. However, marked differences have also been reported in populations without clear biogeographical barriers such as our findings of an association of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…darlingi would have been obtained if we had not used the inflatable boat in our study. We and other authors [ 26 , 48 , 49 ] warn against the strategy of focusing the sampling on the margins of aquatic habitats and advocate for extending the collections to other EBA subtypes within larval habitats. To circumvent this problem, we have recently proposed a standardized sampling methodology, which may be applicable in size variable and intrinsically complex Neotropical larval sites [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental variables associated with anopheline larvae distribution and abundance in Yanomami villages within unaltered areas of the Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2017

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BackgroundMany indigenous villages in the Amazon basin still suffer from a high malaria burden. Despite this health situation, there are few studies on the bionomics of anopheline larvae in such areas. This publication aims to identify the main larval habitats of the most abundant anopheline species and to assess their associations with some environmental factors.MethodsWe conducted a 19-month longitudinal study from January 2013 to July 2014, sampling anopheline larvae in two indigenous Yanomami communities, comprised of four villages each. All natural larval habitats were surveyed every two months with a 350 ml manual dipper, following a standardized larval sampling methodology. In a third study area, we conducted two field expeditions in 2013 followed by four systematic collections during the long dry season of 2014–2015.ResultsWe identified 177 larval habitats in the three study areas, from which 9122 larvae belonging to 13 species were collected. Although species abundance differed between villages, An. oswaldoi (s.l.) was overall the most abundant species. Anopheles darlingi, An. oswaldoi (s.l.), An. triannulatus (s.s.) and An. mattogrossensis were primarily found in larval habitats that were partially or mostly sun-exposed. In contrast, An. costai-like and An. guarao-like mosquitoes were found in more shaded aquatic habitats. Anopheles darlingi was significantly associated with proximity to human habitations and larval habitats associated with river flood pulses and clear water.ConclusionsThis study of anopheline larvae in the Brazilian Yanomami area detected high heterogeneities at micro-scale levels regarding species occurrence and densities. Sun exposure was a major modulator of anopheline occurrence, particularly for An. darlingi. Lakes associated with the rivers, and particularly oxbow lakes, were the main larval habitats for An. darlingi and other secondary malaria vectors. The results of this study will serve as a basis to plan larval source management activities in remote indigenous communities of the Amazon, particularly for those located within low-order river-floodplain systems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2517-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental variables associated with anopheline larvae distribution and abundance in Yanomami villages within unaltered areas of the Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2017

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“…darlingi is the speed with which it colonizes deforested Amazonian patches and a variety of anthropogenic water bodies such as gold mining pools, brick-making depressions, wells, cisterns, and fishponds, as well as natural breeding site types linked to rivers or flooded forest [29,60,111,115,116]. Its adaptation to novel environments may lead to increased vectorial capacity and survival, as well as greater risk of malaria transmission [117,118]. The most likely drivers of Ny.…”

Section: Nyssorhynchus Darlingimentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Transmission in South America—Present Status and Prospects for Elimination

Conn¹,

Grillet²,

Correa³

et al. 2018

Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward

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Four countries (Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela) together contributed ~80% of the 875,000 malaria cases reported in the Latin American region (2016). During the 10-year period (2005-2015) when global malaria incidence was dramatically reduced, Brazil and Colombia were an integral part of this trend, on track to meet the mid-term 2020 goal established by the World Health Organization. In Colombia, since 2015 at the cessation of a five-year globally funded malaria program, both incidence and proportion of Plasmodium falciparum infections have increased, mainly due to the budget constraints. Similarly, despite a strong record and major recognition for reducing malaria, in 2017, Brazil has seen a resurgence of malaria cases, but no increase in the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum to P. vivax. A globally funded malaria control program in Peru from 2005 to 2010 resulted in appreciable reduction in the annual parasitic incidence down to 1/1000 by 2011-2012, but soon after, the annual malaria incidence began to rise and by the end of 2017, there were 53,261 reported cases. To add to Venezuela's political and financial woes, malaria continues to increase, such that, 300,189 cases were reported by the end of week 42, 2017. The only rational pathway to malaria elimination is sustained nation-level financial support that does not fall prey to political vicissitudes.

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“…Invasion of both newly created (anthropic) and natural breeding sites is often swift and likely linked to high adaptability/plasticity 80,81. Where fishponds are the main breeding site, An.…”

Section: Vector Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Aguirre¹,

Gamboa²,

Manrique³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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Malaria in Peru, dominated by Plasmodium vivax, remains a public health problem. The 1990s saw newly epidemic malaria emerge, primarily in the Loreto Department in the Amazon region, including areas near to Iquitos, the capital city, but sporadic malaria transmission also occurred in the 1990s–2000s in both north-coastal Peru and the gold mining regions of southeastern Peru. Although a Global Fund-supported intervention (PAMAFRO, 2005–2010) was temporally associated with a decrease of malaria transmission, from 2012 to the present, both P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases have rapidly increased. The Peruvian Ministry of Health continues to provide artemesinin-based combination therapy for microscopy-confirmed cases of P. falciparum and chloroquine–primaquine for P. vivax. Malaria transmission continues in remote areas nonetheless, where the mobility of humans and parasites facilitates continued reintroduction outside of ongoing surveillance activities, which is critical to address for future malaria control and elimination efforts. Ongoing P. vivax research gaps in Peru include the following: identification of asymptomatic parasitemics, quantification of the contribution of patent and subpatent parasitemics to mosquito transmission, diagnosis of nonparasitemic hypnozoite carriers, and implementation of surveillance for potential emergence of chloroquine- and 8-aminoquinoline-resistant P. vivax. Clinical trials of tafenoquine in Peru have been promising, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the region has not been observed to be a limitation to its use. Larger-scale challenges for P. vivax (and malaria in general) in Peru include logistical difficulties in accessing remote riverine populations, consequences of government policy and poverty trends, and obtaining international funding for malaria control and elimination.

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Ecology of Anopheles darlingi, the Primary Malaria Vector in the Americas and Current Nongenetic Methods of Vector Control

Cited by 15 publications

References 95 publications

Environmental variables associated with anopheline larvae distribution and abundance in Yanomami villages within unaltered areas of the Brazilian Amazon

Environmental variables associated with anopheline larvae distribution and abundance in Yanomami villages within unaltered areas of the Brazilian Amazon

Malaria Transmission in South America—Present Status and Prospects for Elimination

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

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