Ecology and responses to climate change of biocrust-forming mosses in drylands

Abstract

The interest in understanding the role of biocrusts as ecosystem engineers in drylands has substantially increased during the last two decades. Mosses are a major biocrust component that dominate its late successional stages. In general, their impacts on most ecosystem functions are greater than those of early-stage biocrust constituents. However, it is common to find contradictory results regarding how moss interactions with different biotic and abiotic factors affect ecosystem processes. This review aims to: i) describe the adaptations and environmental constraints of biocrust-forming mosses in drylands, ii) identify their primary ecological roles in these ecosystems, and iii) synthesise their responses to climate change. Our review emphasises the importance of interactions between specific functional traits of mosses (e.g., height, radiation reflectance, morphology, shoot densities) with both the environment (e.g., climate, topography and soil properties) and other organisms to understand their ecological roles and responses to climate change. It also highlights key areas that we should research in the future to fulfil essential gaps in our understanding of the ecology and responses to ongoing climate change of biocrust-forming mosses. These include a better understanding of intra- and interspecific interactions and mechanisms driving mosses' carbon balance of during desiccation/rehydration cycles.

Spatial Signatures of Biological Soil Crusts and Community Level Self-Organization in Drylands

“…4A). For dark mixed BSCs, which are more sensitive to aridity (Reed et al 2012, 2019, Maestre et al 2015b, Tamm et al 2018, Ladrón de Guevara and Maestre 2022), the spatial component of greatest variance is cover (Fig. 3B,E), which is likely negatively affected by aridity (Fig.…”

“…Given projected increases in aridity in many drylands (Cook et al 2020, Lian et al 2021), several lines of evidence from our study suggest that high successional BSC cover will significantly decrease in coming years, consistent with many other studies (Reed et al 2012, 2019, Maestre et al 2015, Ferrenberg et al 2015, Rodriguez-Caballero et al 2018). Shading provided by vascular plants and lichens within dark-mixed BSCs may promote persistence of dark-mixed patches, however lichens are also notably susceptible to climate change and disturbance (Navas Romero et al 2020, Finger-Higgens et al 2022, Ladrón de Guevara and Maestre 2022). While we find evidence of coupled patch responses of BSCs and vegetation to stress through observational data, controlled experimentation is necessary to fully elucidate mechanisms of patch responses and ecohydrological interactions.…”

Limited range shifting in biocrusts despite climate warming: A 25‐year resurvey

“…First, the ability of biocrust organisms to enter a state of dormancy between hydration events gives them a major advantage in withstanding long periods without moisture (Coe et al, 2014). In particular, rising temperatures and enhanced evaporation mean that many small rainfall events will soon become photosynthetically unproductive, and even deadly, while effective periods of desiccation will lengthen (Coe et al, 2012; Ladrón de Guevara & Maestre, 2022; Reed et al, 2012). Second, many biocrust taxa have a remarkable capacity to regenerate from vegetative tissues (de la Torre Noetzel et al, 2020; Stark et al, 2017).…”

“…Moisture variables relating to total rainfall are intended to capture the limit beyond which biocrust carbon budgets become negative, and possibly the cool‐edge limit where vascular plant competition becomes too strong. We selected an arbitrary threshold of 1 mm to capture rainfall events because the interpolated climate data rarely estimated exactly 0 mm of rainfall and very small rainfall events are often photosynthetically unproductive for biocrust organisms (Ladrón de Guevara & Maestre, 2022).…”

Can biocrust moss hide from climate change? Multiscale habitat buffering improves summer-stress resistance inSyntrichia caninervis

“…Where sufficient moisture exists, mosses are often the larger members of these soil communities and drive many biocrust ecosystem services (Bowker et al 2013) mediated by their large (typically 1 -10 cm 2 ), absorbent colonies or "patches" that can increase water infiltration and retention (Lafuente et al 2018), buffer temperature (Xiao et al 2015), increase soil fertility (Belnap 2003), shelter microbiota (Abed et al 2019, store carbon (Elbert et al 2012), and prevent erosion (Stovall et al 2022). However, biocrust mosses are predicted to have more dramatic responses to climate change than most other poikilohydric biocrust species because of their requirements for higher shade and moisture during hydration periods (i.e., "hydroperiods") when the plants are metabolically active (He et al 2016, Rodriguez-Caballero et al 2018, Weber et al 2018, Ladrón de Guevara & Maestre 2022.…”