Ecologically Safe Removal of Lead Ions and Basic Fuchsin Dye from an Aqueous Solution Using Lippia alba Leaves

Abstract

The removal of inorganic and organic contaminants from wastewater is a crucial environmental concern, necessitating innovative and eco‐friendly solutions. This study introduces a novel and environmentally friendly approach employing Lippia alba leaves as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of lead metal ions and basic fuchsin dye from wastewater. Through a series of batch experiments, various parameters were explored, including pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration, to better understand the adsorption process. The results were best described by the Freundlich model for lead ions and the Langmuir model for basic fuchsin dye, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) of 67.06 mg/g (lead metal) and 33.32 mg/g (basic fuchsin dye). Kinetic studies demonstrated that the pseudo‐second‐order model accurately described the adsorption kinetics for both pollutants, while thermodynamics suggested exothermic adsorption for lead ions and endothermic adsorption for basic fuchsin dye, indicating spontaneous adsorption in both cases. Response Surface Methodology optimization achieved exceptional results: 99.9 % lead ion removal at 308 K, pH 4.5, 1.35 g/L adsorbent, and 2.5 mg/L initial concentration; 98.31 % basic fuchsin dye removal at 318 K, pH 6, 2 g/L adsorbent, and 15 mg/L initial concentration. This research offers a sustainable solution for water pollution challenges, supporting environmental preservation.