Ecological Theory: Preventing Student Bullying to Promote Culture of Peace

Abstract

The classic ecological theory of Bronfenbrenner is used as a framework for reviewing the risks and factors found associated with the involvement of bullying in school during childhood and adolescence. The theory consists of five environmental systems starting from personal interaction to the influence of a broader culture. After reviewing various literature related to bullying, it is found that the structure or location factors in which children have direct contact include peers, family, community, and school (microsystem), the relationship between family and school such as parental involvement in their children's school (mesosystem), the perception of the teacher or staff about the school environment (ecosystem), the social structure in which students live (macrosystem), and changes in family structure through divorce, displacement, or death (chronosystem) are the main factors causing many bullying behavior in school. Some of our recommendations to prevent and to reduce bullying as an effort to promote a culture of peace include; build partnerships between schools and the environment, improve teachers' ability to manage conflict, review approaches used in implementing punishment, and build a positive school climate.

Bullying Prevention and Intervention in Schools: Implications of Participatory Action Research

“…Social ecology also includes the school environment, so students will be involved in bullying if the climate is pro bullying. We need a social control that affects families and schools and students' social environment to accomplish this2 [18]. Bullying intervention programs also need to pay attention to the components of the socialecological systems of students.…”

Adultos diante do bullying escolar na série Thirteen reasons why: uma análise bioecológica

“…Como o bullying ocorre no contexto das interações sociais, a Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento, proposta pelo psicólogo Urie Bronfenbrenner, fornece potente enquadre teórico-metodológico para analisar o fenômeno (Senna & Dessen, 2012). Segundo essa teoria, o desenvolvimento ocorre em sistemas classificados como: microssistema (escola, família, trabalho, por exemplo), mesossistema (interação entre dois ou mais microssistemas), exossistema (trabalho dos pais, por exemplo) e macrossistema (dimensões culturais, sociais e políticas) (Analisah & Indartono, 2019). Esse modelo teórico pode colaborar, ainda, com a proposição de intervenções multidimensionais que são as mais eficazes para reduzir a frequência de bullying e o manejo de fatores de risco individuais e extrínsecos, incluindo a atuação dos adultos diante do fenômeno.…”