Ecological Safety of Construction Materials : Basic Historical Stages

Abstract

The article deals with the problems of creating environmentally friendly aerial environment within residential premises. The main sources causing air pollution of urban housing are determined and classified. The origins of air pollution sources of residential premises are adopted as the classifying criterion. The sources of contamination are defined and assessed. Particular attention is paid to the choice of environmentally friendly building materials. The methodology for assessing toxicity of industrial waste used in the production of housing materials is developed to assess the comfort and environmental safety of home. The idea of creating "Residential buldings ID" containing information on the construction materials used is introduced.

Environmental safety providing during heat insulation works and using thermal insulation materials

“…Asbestos boards and partitions, used for finishing the interior, are required to have a two-or three-time covering, excluding the possibility of formation and distribution of asbestos-containing dust. All work with asbestos insulation is carried out in special suits with respiratory protection and protection of skin and eyes [5,13,17,18].…”

“…The authors of the article have defined the criteria of ecological safety of thermal insulating construction products, presenting materials and products, which possess the following properties under all operating conditions including changes of temperature, humidity, vibration and solar radiation: -have a level of radioactivity below background values; -do not contain volatile and extremely highly toxic compounds; -do not release solid or gaseous substances belonging to 1, 2 or 3 class of danger into the air during the destruction, aging or wear process -do not react with substances in the water, air or soil, forming class 3.1 toxic compounds; -do not have a biologically dangerous effect on people or the environment; -are explosion-proof and do not form products, which are fatal to human health, in a fire or thermal decomposition; -do not violate safe indoor climate, particularly temperature, floor thermal conductivity, electromagnetic and geomagnetic background, dust level, insolation, relative humidity, ionic composition, smell, colors) [12,13].…”

Innovative technologies of liquid media treatment in the system of ecological and sanitary-hygienic control of waste landfills

“…A good rule of thumb is that the implementation of governmental, industrial and public control over the state of the landfills and the state of the environmental safety of areas where waste disposal facilities are located depends on compliance with environmental and other laws in operation of these objects [1,2]. The main violations of rules of landfill operation, sanitary, environmental, technical and other regulations, requirements and standards are: the absence of an efficient system of environmental monitoring of the state of waste landfills; lack or inefficient organization of documentary input, radiation, dosimetry, weight and other controls; lack of control or connivance with the disposal to the authorized waste burial of toxic waste hazard class 1-3 detrimental to the disposal of waste hazard class 4 or other secondary raw materials; exceeding the stipulated landfill project and established limits the volume of burial space and the height of waste disposal; falsification of environmental and other statistical reports on the number and quality of waste taken to the landfill, their composition and toxicity; unauthorized seizure of the surrounding areas for the expansion of waste disposal; violation of the requirements when laying, moisture and compaction of waste, laying the insulating layer, layered pouring, filling of buried waste ground, creating conditions for waste combustion; contamination of the sanitary protection zone of the landfill with effluents and emissions in excess of the admissible limits, soil sanitary zone wastes; failure to operate according to the normative legal acts, norms, standards and rules of the system of industrial environmental control and environmental monitoring.…”

“…This system quickly assesses the current state of the environment after dumping of toxic waste, reveals areas of environmental stress, models and predicts the development of ecological processes, bringing an opportunity to elaborate and implement specific environmental measures that allow to reduce the adverse effects of waste disposal facility on the environment, create landscape-environmental maps and environmental risk maps [1][2][3].…”

Assessing the Compliance of Extrusion Foamed Polystyrene Production with the Environmental Standards Requirements

“…Nowadays, one of the most critical problems in the production of synthetic insulating building materials is the negative impact on the environment. The factors act on a global scale and require modern methods to minimize potential environmental risks [1][2][3].…”