Ecological interactions of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil

Introduction:In 1999, Birigui and Araçatuba were the fi rst municipalities in the State of São Paulo to present autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis in humans (VLH). The aim of this study was to describe the temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal behaviors of VLH in Birigui. Methods: Secondary data were obtained from the Notifi able Diseases Information System from 1999 to 2012. The incidence, mortality and case fatality rates by sex and age were calculated. The cases of VLH were geocoded and grouped according to census tracts. Local empirical Bayesian incidence rates were calculated. The existence of spatial and spatiotemporal clusters was investigated using SaTScan software. Results: There were 156 confi rmed cases of autochthonous VLH. The incidence rate was higher in the 0-4-year-old children, and the mortality and case fatality rates were higher in people aged 60 years and older. The peaks of incidence occurred in 2006 and 2011. The Bayesian rates identifi ed the presence of VLH in all of the census tracts in the municipality; however, spatial and spatiotemporal clusters were found in the central area of the municipality. Conclusions: Birigui, located in the Araçatuba region, has recently experienced increasing numbers of VLH cases; this increase is contrary to the behavior observed over the entire region, which has shown a decreasing trend in the number of VLH cases. The observations that the highest incidence is in children 0-4 years old and the highest mortality is in people 60 years and older are in agreement with the expected patterns of VLH.

Section: Vlh Cases -1999 To 2012mentioning

confidence: 71%

Temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of the occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the City of Birigui, State of São Paulo, from 1999 to 2012

Vieira

Oliveira

Rodas

et al. 2014

“…As habitações são, em sua maioria extremamente pobres, com deficiência na coleta de lixo e de saneamento básico, em algumas áreas muitos moradores possuem baixos índices sócio-econômicos, a convivência com animais domésticos é bastante elevada, resultando em acúmulo de matéria orgânica , proporcionando condições favoráveis para a ocorrência da transmissão da doença. Outro fator importante na transmissão e que se assemelha ao descrito por Sherlock, é que a LV vem ocorrendo com mais frequência em áreas quentes, onde o clima é seco com média de chuvas anuais de 550mm 24 .…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Sherlock, observou na Bahia e em outras regiões do país, que a pobreza, desnutrição, grande número de cães infectados, além da alta densidade de flebotomíneos tanto no intradomicílio como no peridomicílio, estão associados com o grande número de animais domésticos e péssimas condições sanitárias e baixo nível sócio-econômico 24 .…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Monteiro

Silva

Costa

et al. 2005

108

RESUMO A leishmaniose visceral no Brasil estava inicialmente associada a áreas rurais, mas devido às diversas alterações no ambiente como, desmatamentos, urbanização e intenso processo migratório, ocorreu a expansão das áreas endêmicas, levando à urbanização da doença, principalmente nas regiõesAs leishmanioses são doenças enzoóticas e zoonóticas causadas por protozoários parasitas, morfologicamente similares, do gênero Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), podendo acometer o homem 6 .A leishmaniose visceral (LV) vem se tornando um importante problema de Saúde Pública, devido à sua incidência e alta letalidade, não só nas Américas mas na Europa, África, Ásia e Oriente Médio 17 . Nas Américas, a LV ocorre desde o México até a Argentina, sendo que cerca de 90% dos casos humanos descritos são procedentes do Brasil 16 . A LV apresenta amplo espectro epidemiológico no mundo, ocorrendo em vastas áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo, podendo apresentar-se como zoonose, antroponose ou antropozoonose, estas duas últimas, quando o homem atua como reservatório no ciclo de transmissão do parasito 21 .

“…It has wide distribution in the country and although it is not presumably a vector of Leishmania, it is found in ACL and VL transmission areas (21) . L. lenti was found naturally infected with promastigotes in the City of Jacobina, Bahia (22) . Therefore, the possible epidemiological role of L. lenti needs to be further clarifi ed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Agra

Costa

Duque

et al. 2016

Introduction:The sandfl y fauna is well studied globally. In Brazil, sandfl y fauna is very diverse in the Northeast region, especially in states such as Maranhão, Ceará, and Bahia. However, in the State of Pernambuco, the distribution of these insects is still not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the different species that constitute the sandfl y fauna in an urban area in the Northeast region of Brazil, where an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was recently reported. Methods: The sandfl ies were collected from an urban area endemic for VL, at fi ve collection points. The collection of samples was carried out from November 2014 to December 2015, using CDC light traps installed in intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary fashion. Results: The collected sandfl ies (n = 297) belonged to eight species: Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia sallesi, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia capixaba, Lutzomyia carmelinoi, and Lutzomyia whitmani. Most of the specimens collected were peridomiciliary (247/297, 83%). L. lenti (154/297, 52%) was the most frequently sampled species, followed by L. longipalpis (88/297, 29.6%), and L. sallesi (42/297, 14.1%), which together accounted for over 90% of the collected sandfl y specimens. Conclusions: The continued presence of L. longipalpis in urban areas, including that in intradomiciliary areas, with a predominance of females, is crucial because of the high possibility of them causing VL outbreaks, since this species is the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil.