Ecological Genetics and Chemical Modifications of the Atmosphere

Bell, John; Ashmore, Mike; Wilson, G. B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_3

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The significance of this complex picture is that in considering the genetics and evolution of resistance in wild plants, it is essential to first identify, then focus on, the appropriate attributes. Bell et al (1991) reviewed the literature on the evolution of ozone resistance, drawing attention to the early circumstantial evidence of evolution in Lupinus bicolor provided by the work of Dunn (1959). In this species, differences in performance of populations were attributed to oxidant smog.…”

Section: Evolution Of Ozone Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one case a change in resistance has been shown over a time period when ozone levels increased. The crucial question in all of these studies is whether differences in resistance have arisen in response to ozone or to other, correlated environmental factors (Bell et al, 1991 ;Reiling & Davison, 1992 c). It was suggested by Roose and colleagues (1982) that traits affecting sensitivity to air pollutants might simultaneously reflect adaptations to other natural stresses, and vice versa, so resistance might be indirect.…”

Section: Evolution Of Ozone Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ozone on wild plants

1998

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Although there is a great deal of concern about the effects of human activities on biodiversity, until recently there has been very little interest in the effects of ozone on the species that constitute the major part of the flora, the diverse herbaceous and shrubby species of natural and semi-natural communities. However, many wild species have been shown to be at least as sensitive to ozone as crops that show significant yield losses, so there is a pressing need for an evaluation of the risk to wild species posed by ozone. This review attempts to assess progress and highlight problems. It begins with a comment on semantics, discusses the difficulties involved in measuring relative ozone resistance and then proceeds to consider the effects of ozone on growth and resource allocation. The evidence for evolution of resistance is appraised and then the potential effects of several interactions (cutting\grazing, competition, soil water deficit and nutrition) are considered. The review ends with some remarks on observation of oxidant-induced changes in ecosystems.

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Section: Evolution Of Ozone Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of Ozone Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ozone on wild plants

1998

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“…There was no significant difference between the 1988 and 199] Scaftworth collections. This is the first report of a change in ozone resistance over time (Bell et al, 1991) and it lends support to the hypothesis that the 1985 ISP population had an anomalously low ozone resistance compared with populations collected in 1990 because of the large ozone concentrations that occurred in 1989 and 1990 (Reiling & Davison, 19926). The fact that ozone resistance changed quickly also explains the observation that the best regression of the resistance of populations grown from seeds collected in 1990 was on 1989 ozone concentrations rather than on any other preceding year (Reiling & Davison, 19926).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Such measurements are notoriously difficult to interpret, especially on their own, but a simple hypothesis is that the lower rates in the earlier collections were a result of lower substrate availability whilst the higher rates were a result of greater availability of substrate and the demand for repair and maintenance (Alscher & Amthor, 1988). Bell et al (1991) drew attention to the difficulty of proving that a difference in resistance to an air pollutant in different places or over time is caused by the pollutant and not by any of the other environmental factors that show a similar spatial or temporal pattern. In the present case, although ozone concentrations changed very markedly in 1989 and 1990, other environmental factors also changed.…”

Section: Stomatai Conductance (G^ Tnviol M~'^ S'^) Of Populations O/mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is a further aspect to be considered. In the case of SO2 and heavy metals it has been shown that resistance to either of these stresses carries a penalty when the plant is in an unstressed environment (Bell et al, 1991). Tolerant species often grow slowly and succumb to competition in non-stressed environments.…”

Section: Stomatai Conductance (G^ Tnviol M~'^ S'^) Of Populations O/mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rapid change in ozone resistance of Plantago major after summers with high ozone concentrations

Davison

Reiling

1995

New Phytologist

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S L' M M A R YOzone concentrations in Britain vary greatly from year to year. In the mid-1980s they were relatively low but in 1989 and 1990 the numher of hours when concentrations exceeded 60 nl I"-* was 3^ times greater than in the preceding 2 yr. Previous experiments suggested that this might have resulted in an increase in ozone resistance of Plantago major L. populations, so a comparison was made of seed-grown plants collected from the same three sites in Derbyshire/South Yorkshire in the 1980s and 1991. Ozone resistance was measured by exposure to charcoalfiltered air or air containing 70 nl 1 ' O^ (7 h d"^) and expressed as R^o-the mean relative grow-th rate in ozone expressed as a "o of that in charcoal-tiltered air. Ozone resistance changed significantly in two of the populations (ISP and Totley) hetween the years 1985 and 1991. There was no significant change in the resistance of the Scaftworth population between 1988 and 1991 when expressed as R"(, hut there were significant physiological differences between the collections. The changes in R% were accompanied by differences in the response of the stomata to ozone and in effects on dark respiration, hut not in assimilatory capacity. This is the first report of a change in ozone resistance in populations over a short period of time. It is not known if the 1991 plants were the descendants of the 1985/88 plants or whether there had been an invasion by new genotypes from outside the area. The role of other environmental factors in determining ozone resistance, and the implications of the data for the definition and mapping of critical levels are both discussed. It is predicted that if the reported changes were caused by ozone, the region where future changes in ozone resistance are most likely to occur is that between the Midlands and the north of England.

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Stand characteristics of ozone‐stressed populations ofPinus jeffreyi (Pinaceae): extent, development, and physiological consequences of visible injury

Patterson

Rundel

1995

American J of Botany

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The development and physiological consequences of ozone‐induced visible injury was investigated in native populations of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) that were exposed to chronic levels of anthropogenic ozone. Stand structure analyses demonstrated that the expression of visible ozone injury symptoms within self‐regenerating populations of Jeffrey pine was highly variable. Of the 975 trees surveyed, 90% exhibited some degree of visible injury and 10% were classified as resistant to ozone. Needles of the most sensitive trees developed a chlorotic mottle characteristic of ozone injury 1 year after their initiation and prematurely abscised in their third year (normal needle retention is 5–6 years). Average needle retention was not different between diameter size categories but was the most variable within the smallest size category and the least variable in the largest size category. Gas exchange measurements indicated a negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and needle surface area covered by chlorotic mottle. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of the current‐year needles did not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic trees but did differ between the oldest needles, suggesting an uncontrolled physiological decline in needles about to abscise in sensitive trees. The high degree of variability of ozone‐induced visible injury coupled with the reduction of physiological capacity associated with visible injury suggest that mixed conifer forests growing in polluted regions could potentially undergo shifts in community structure if sensitive Jeffrey pine individuals were to experience differential mortality as a result of ozone exposure. Intraspecific variation in ozone sensitivity may potentially lead to increased population tolerance to oxidative air pollutants, but long‐term population analyses will be required to address genetic changes in response to ozone stress.

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Ecological Genetics and Chemical Modifications of the Atmosphere

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of ozone on wild plants

Effects of ozone on wild plants

A rapid change in ozone resistance of Plantago major after summers with high ozone concentrations

Stand characteristics of ozone‐stressed populations ofPinus jeffreyi (Pinaceae): extent, development, and physiological consequences of visible injury

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