Ecological Footprint, Foreign Direct Investment, and Gross Domestic Production: Evidence of Belt &amp; Road Initiative Countries

Liu, Hongbo; Kim, Hanho

doi:10.3390/su10103527

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In detail, the star signal * appears in the Lag 4 row in Table 3 for AIC, HQIC, SBIC and LR, while for FPE, it shows in the Lag 3 row. HQIC and SBIC outcomes support the validity of a consistent estimation of true lag length [26,40], while the FPE and AIC results tend to provide overestimated lag length even with infinite samples to estimate. To conclude, we decided to use 4 lags in the following estimation process.…”

Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…There exists a large body of literature on EKC analysis which are organized in Table 1; for example, single-country analysis such as of China, Austria, and Turkey [20][21][22]; for international institutions like Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (henceforth, OECD) countries [3,23]; and panel data estimation [24][25][26]. However, little has been done on comparison of three neighboring countries like China, Japan, and Korea as an emerging market and developed countries, respectively.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the supply perspective, the biocapacity of a given city or nation indicates how productive its ecological credit is, for example, grazing land, cropland, and built-up land. Ecological footprint data was collected from the Global Footprint Network [26,34,35].…”

Section: Ecological Footprint Per Capitamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The error correction model captures the short-run dynamics of the EKC model. The coefficients are thus the short-run elasticities [26,41]. The coefficient of the error correction term is explained as the speed of adjustment.…”

Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

et al. 2018

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This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by adopting a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in three East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, and China. During the development process, countries intend to balance between stabilizing export demand and maintaining sustainable economic improvement in the context of deteriorating global warming and climate change. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (henceforth, EKC) was originally developed to estimate the correlation between environment condition and economic development. In this paper, we started from the EKC model and adopted an Error Correction Methodology (henceforth, ECM) to estimate the EKC relationships in Japan, Korea (two developed countries), and China (a developing country) over the period of 1990 to 2013. Besides this, instead of only using Gross Domestic Product (henceforth, GDP), two subdivisions of trade diversification—export product diversification and export market diversification—are introduced as proxy variables for economic development in rectification of the EKC. The results demonstrate that both Korea and Japan satisfy the EKC theory by demonstrating an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and ecological footprint, while analysis based on data from China does not display the same tendency. For both export product diversification and market diversification, the more diversified the country’s export is, the bigger its ecological footprint. The policy implications of this econometric outcome are also discussed.

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Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ecological Footprint Per Capitamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

et al. 2018

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“…China also benefits from FDI, which brings more than economic development. FDI in China even suppresses carbon emission [5] and optimizes ecological footprint [6]. Thus, this paper is focused on the problem relating to FDI in China.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foreign Trade, FDI and the Upgrading of Regional Industrial Structure in China: Based on Spatial Econometric Model

et al. 2020

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The upgrading of industrial structure is the core means of coordinating economic development and environment protection. Its spatial agglomeration can also reduce environmental pollution partly. The upgrading of China’s industrial structure has become an important issue concerned by the whole society. To better understand this issue, based on the provincial data of China (1997–2017), this paper strives to explore the spatial effects of foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the upgrading of China’s regional industrial structure by constructing the weight matrix of economic distance, and by introducing the spatial autocorrelation analysis method and spatial panel econometric model. The results show that: 1. The Moran’s I index of China’s import, export, FDI, and industrial structure upgrading has passed the 5% significance level test, displaying remarkable spatial agglomeration characteristics. 2. Foreign trade and FDI are important driving factors to upgrade China’s industrial structure. 3. Foreign trade has a significant spatial spillover effect. Imports and exports can not only promote the upgrading of local industrial structure, but also radiate to other regions, promote or inhibit the development of its industry, and further affect the national data. 4. The spatial spillover effect of FDI is not significant. Finally, some policy suggestions are put forward.

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The entrepreneurial ecosystem of inclusive finance and entrepreneurship: A theoretical and empirical test in China

Cao

Zhang

2020

Int. J Fin Econ

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From a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective, we theoretically interpret and empirically testify the mutual promotions between inclusive finance, entrepreneurship, and development. To do so, a two-period overlapping generation model is introduced to interpret the mechanism, and then a panel vector auto-regression model based on 31 provinces (and municipalities) in China from 2005 to 2016 is constructed. We find that: (a) Due to the development-promoting ability, self-reinforcing ability and multiplying effect, it is possible and worthy to construct a sustainable developing system. (b) However, an insufficient human capital endowment might be a critical obstacle, which is revealed as a precondition of this sustainable system. (c) Moreover, it is necessary to promote sustainable development of financial inclusion and entrepreneurship, due to the lack of directly promoting effect from economic development. (d) Thus, governmental complement is indispensable because of polarization led by the endowed wealth gap, and continuous promotion is appealed due to the transforming lag of mutual promoting feedback.

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Ecological Footprint, Foreign Direct Investment, and Gross Domestic Production: Evidence of Belt & Road Initiative Countries

Cited by 68 publications

References 56 publications

Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

Foreign Trade, FDI and the Upgrading of Regional Industrial Structure in China: Based on Spatial Econometric Model

The entrepreneurial ecosystem of inclusive finance and entrepreneurship: A theoretical and empirical test in China

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