Ecological–economic modeling to optimize a desalination policy: Case study of an arid rentier state

Modeling of environmental aspects related to reverse osmosis desalination supply chain

“…Where Er lt is the energy required by the (t) plant kWh/ m 3 and Ef is the CO 2 emission factor (kg CO 2 -e/kWh). The NPV of the total cost of CO 2 emissions in the period design is (H) and is as Eq (19).…”

“…Desalination supply chain activities include obtaining feed water and chemicals needed for the desalination processes, desalination process systems, water storage and distribution of freshwater to endusers (18). The importance of examining the economic and environmental impacts of water purification using desalination technology and the provision of desalinated water allows decision-makers to examine the system as a whole (19). For instance, any delay in the distribution of water from storage tanks to consumers could disrupt the desalination process and affect the overall performance of the desalination water supply chain.…”

Environmental sustainability assessment of seawater reverse osmosis brine valorization by means of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes

“…Most of the studies focused on the comparison between different methods of water treatment and desalination, while others focused on identifying "hot spots" in the multiple processes. Among the identified hot spots, highenergy consumption (Meneses et al 2010;Shahabi et al 2014;Cherchi et al 2017;Aleisa and Al-Shayji 2018) and brine disposal issues (Meneses et al 2010;Zhou et al 2013Zhou et al , 2014 stand out. Other representative LCA studies are focused on the comparison of freshwater supply alternatives (Uche et al 2015;Biswas and Yek 2016).…”

Sizing methodology based on design of experiments for freshwater and electricity production from multi-source renewable energy systems

“…Around the world, large-scale development of renewable energy technologies is giving new opportunities to regions that lack fresh water and electricity. Even regions rich in fossil energy are beginning to worry about energy efficiency, long-term sustainability and environmental friendliness [1]. Today, many papers deal with systems for generating electrical energy from renewable energies: development of structures and their optimal sizing based on environmental and/or economical considerations [2,3].…”

“…Many sizing optimization publications optimize life cycle cost [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][9][10][11][12][13] and take into account weather conditions (wind speed, solar radiation and temperature) for one year [5][6][7]12,17,18]. In this paper, modeling is done on the amount of embodied energy (EE) for the life cycle of each element of the system, from meteorological records (wind speed, solar radiation, and temperature) over a year and for isolated sites.…”