Ecological Determinants of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents

Ramírez-Soto, Max Carlos; Aguilar-Ancori, Elsa Gladys; Tirado‐Sánchez, Andrés; Bonifáz, Alexandro

doi:10.3390/jof4030095

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The disease has been reported around the world, mainly in areas with high moisture and temperature [17]. The global burden of sporotrichosis is >40,000 cases [18], and the regions where the disease is endemic include Latin America (especially Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela) [19], Asia (especially China, India, and Japan) [20] and Africa [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide mapping using new AFLP markers to explore intraspecific variation among pathogenic Sporothrix species

et al. 2020

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Sporotrichosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix species, of which the main aetiological agents are S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. globosa. Infection occurs after a traumatic inoculation of Sporothrix propagules in mammals' skin and can follow either a classic route through traumatic inoculation by plant debris (e.g., S. schenckii and S. globosa) or an alternative route through zoonotic transmission from animals (e.g., S. brasiliensis). Epizootics followed by a zoonotic route occur in Brazil, with Rio de Janeiro as the epicenter of a recent cat-transmitted epidemic. DNA-based markers are needed to explore the epidemiology of these Sporothrix expansions using molecular methods. This paper reports the use of amplified-fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLP) to assess the degree of intraspecific variability among Sporothrix species. We used whole-genome sequences from Sporothrix species to generate 2,304 virtual AFLP fingerprints. In silico screening highlighted 6 primer pair combinations to be tested in vitro. The protocol was used to genotype 27 medically relevant Sporothrix. Based on the overall scored AFLP markers (97-137 fragments), the values of polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.2552-0.3113), marker index (MI = 0.002-0.0039), effective multiplex ratio (E = 17.8519-35.2222), resolving power (Rp = 33.6296-63.1852), discriminating power (D = 0.9291-0.9662), expected heterozygosity (H = 0.3003-0.3857), and mean heterozygosity (H avp = 0.0001) demonstrated the utility of these primer combinations for discriminating Sporothrix. AFLP markers revealed cryptic diversity in species previously thought to be the most prevalent clonal type, such as S. brasiliensis, responsible for cat-transmitted sporotrichosis, and S. globosa responsible for large sapronosis outbreaks in Asia. Three combinations (#3 EcoRI-FAM-GA/MseI-TT, #5 EcoRI-FAM-GA/MseI-AG, and #6 EcoRI-FAM-TA/MseI-AA) provide the best diversity indices and lowest error rates. These methods make it easier to track routes of disease transmission during epizooties and zoonosis, and our DNA fingerprint assay can be further transferred between laboratories to give insights into the ecology and PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide mapping using new AFLP markers to explore intraspecific variation among pathogenic Sporothrix species

et al. 2020

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“…(Dixon et al ., 1991; Ulfig 1994; Ulfig and Lukasik 1996; Kusuhara 2009; Pečiulytė 2010). Several studies have also shown that S. schenckii is able to resist the effect of radiation (Torres-Guerrero and Arenas-López 1998; de Souza Lacerda et al ., 2011), very low temperatures (Pasarell and McGinnis 1992; Mendoza et al ., 2005; Ramírez-Soto et al ., 2018. ), high osmotic pressure for several years (Borba and Oliveira 1992; de Capriles et al ., 1993; Mendoza et al ., 2005) and high relative humidity (Ramírez-Soto et al ., 2018.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have also shown that S. schenckii is able to resist the effect of radiation (Torres-Guerrero and Arenas-López 1998; de Souza Lacerda et al ., 2011), very low temperatures (Pasarell and McGinnis 1992; Mendoza et al ., 2005; Ramírez-Soto et al ., 2018. ), high osmotic pressure for several years (Borba and Oliveira 1992; de Capriles et al ., 1993; Mendoza et al ., 2005) and high relative humidity (Ramírez-Soto et al ., 2018.). These findings suggest a robust ability of S. schenckii to resist extreme environmental conditions (Téllez et al ., 2014; Batista-Duharte et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Téllez-Martínez

Batista-Duharte

Silva

et al. 2019

Preprint

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24Environmental factors modify the physiology of microorganisms, allowing their survival in 25 extreme conditions. However, the influence of chemical contaminants on fungal virulence has 26 been little studied. Sporotrichosis is an emergent fungal disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii, 27 a soil-inhabiting fungus that has been found in polluted environments. Here, we evaluated the 28 adaptive stress response of S. schenckii induced by toluene, a key soil contaminant. The effect 29 on fungal virulence and host immune response was also assessed. The fungus survived up to 30 0.10% toluene in liquid medium. Greater production of melanosomes and enhanced activity 31 superoxide dismutase, associated to increased tolerance to H2O2 were observed in toluene-32 exposed fungi. Intraperitoneal infection of mice with S. schenckii treated with either 0, 0.01 or 33 0.1% of toluene, resulted in greater fungal burden at day 7 post-infection in spleen and liver in 34 the groups infected with fungus treated with toluene 0.1%. A higher production of Il-1β, TNF-35 α, IL-10 and nitric oxyde by peritoneal macrophages and IFNɣ, IL-4 and IL-17 by splenocytes 36 was also observed in that group. Our findings showed that morphological and functional 37 changes induced by toluene leads to increased S. schenckii virulence and antifungal host 38 immune response in our model. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 78 Aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, 79 collectively known as BTEX, are one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. 80 BTEX are extensively used as solvents in many industrial processes and as base reagents for 81 the production of chemicals products. In addition, BTEX are components of gasoline and 82 aviation fuels. They are often released in the environment during production, transport, use and 83 disposal, causing groundwater, surface water, and soil contamination. Toluene has been found 84 in at least 1,012 of the 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental 85 Protection Agency (EPA) and it is included in the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 86 Registry (ATSDR) 2017 substance priority list, which is based on a combination of their 87 frequency, toxicity, and potential for human exposure (Agency for Toxic Substances and 88 Disease Registry. ATSDR's Substance Priority List. 2017).89Prenafreta-Boldu isolated several fungi, including S. schenckii, in biofilters exposed to 90 polluted air or hydrocarbon gas streams. The data from this research showed that volatile 91 hydrocarbon-degrading strains are closely related to a very restricted number of pathogenic 92 fungal species that cause severe mycoses, especially neurological infections, in 93 immunocompetent individuals (Prenafeta-Boldú et al., 2006). 94To date, there have been no studies examining the influence of chemical contaminants 95 on the biology of S. schenckii sensu latu. Given that this fungus inhabits soils and this niche is 96 frequently contaminated with oil and their products, the objective of this...

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“…It is important to emphasize the existence of the only article in literature, which reported that it was possible to isolate S. brasiliensis from environmental samples, a more frequent species in the outbreaks taking place in Brazil [19]. These results seem to corroborate the hypothesis that direct transmission by infected cats plays a greater role in the occurrence and continuous outbreaks of sporotrichosis in Brazil [20], although the possibility of a classical infection route in these places should not be discarded.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associated factors and spatial patterns of the epidemic sporotrichosis in a high density human populated area: A cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018

Lecca

Paiva

Oliveira

et al. 2019

Preprint

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We carried out an epidemiological characterization of human and feline sporotrichosis, between 2016 and 2018, in a high density-populated area in Brazil. Professionals were trained to identify suspected cats and notified vets to interview the owners and collect swabs of the wounds from these animals. Mycological cultures were performed, and colonies identified for Spotrothrix spp. Subsequently, data regarding the outcome from suspected animals were collected. Confirmed cases of human sporotrichosis (56) were also counted and analysed for spatial distribution. Regions with highest prevalence of feline sporotrichosis, had greater frequencies of both human and feline cases. 118 (77.63%) animals were positive. Animals that lived only partially at home were 3.02 times more likely of being positive (OR 3.02, CI 95% 1,96-10,43). The prevalence of feline sporotrichosis was 8.36 ‰ (CI 95%, 5.38 - 9.55 ‰). There was no statistically significant association between environmental variables and positive diagnosis, corroborating the hypothesis that direct transmission by infected cats plays a greater role in the occurrence and continuous outbreaks of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Among the positive animals, 61.90% (CI 95% 58.95 - 64.96) died, being 6.30 times more likely to die than negative animals (p< 0.05, OR 6.30, CI 95% 2,79-14,42). The lethality rate was 55.08% in cats (CI 95% 49.20 - 51.15). The mortality for sporotrichosis was 4.6 ‰ cats (CI 95% 3.4 - 6 ‰). Only 7.62% (CI 95% 7.12 - 8.16) positive cats were treated and cured. Among dead positive animals, 29.23% were inappropriately discarded. This is the first report on the epidemic of sporotrichosis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The free offer for treatment and veterinary care to these animals should be taken into consideration, as well as the collection and incineration of the dead ones, as measures of public health, followed by the guidance and care for the human patient.

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Ecological Determinants of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents

Cited by 39 publications

References 45 publications

Genome-wide mapping using new AFLP markers to explore intraspecific variation among pathogenic Sporothrix species

Genome-wide mapping using new AFLP markers to explore intraspecific variation among pathogenic Sporothrix species

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Associated factors and spatial patterns of the epidemic sporotrichosis in a high density human populated area: A cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018

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