Despite the widespread notion that animal-mediated seed dispersal led to the evolution of fruit traits that attract mutualistic frugivores, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis remains controversial, particularly for complex traits such as fruit scent. Here, we test this hypothesis in a community of mutualistic, ecologically important neotropical bats (
Carollia
spp.) and plants (
Piper
spp.) that communicate primarily via chemical signals. We found greater bat consumption is significantly associated with scent chemical diversity and presence of specific compounds, which fit multi-peak selective regime models in
Piper
. Through behavioural assays, we found
Carollia
prefer certain compounds, particularly 2-heptanol, which evolved as a unique feature of two
Piper
species highly consumed by these bats. Thus, we demonstrate that volatile compounds emitted by neotropical
Piper
fruits evolved in tandem with seed dispersal by scent-oriented
Carollia
bats. Specifically, fruit scent chemistry in some
Piper
species fits adaptive evolutionary scenarios consistent with a dispersal syndrome hypothesis. While other abiotic and biotic processes likely shaped the chemical composition of ripe fruit scent in
Piper
, our results provide some of the first evidence of the effect of bat frugivory on plant chemical diversity.