Ecological and Environmental Study of &lt;i&gt;Eupatorium adenophorum&lt;/i&gt; Sprengel (Banmara) with Reference to its Gall Formation in Gorkha-Langtang Route, Nepal

Shrestha, Keshav Prasad; Wilson, Emma; Gay, H

doi:10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1848

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Studies of Ageratina’s invasion history also indicate that the single population founder effects are unlikely. As an ornamental plant, Ageratina was intentionally introduced to several countries, such as England, New Zealand, USA (California and Hawaii), Australia and India in 19th century (Paxton 1849; Webb, Sykes & Garnock‐Jones 1988; Shrestha, Wilson & Gay 2008; Muniappan, Raman & Reddy 2009), and multiple introductions appeared to occur in Hawaii and Australia. Ageratina introduced to India may have naturally spread into China via Burma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, Ageratina may have arrived in Singapore by ship and then spread to China (or even to India) via Vietnam, Laos and Burma (Duan et al. 2005; Gui, Guo & Wan 2007; Shrestha, Wilson & Gay 2008). Ageratina has a rich genetic diversity in China as evaluated by a relatively high Nei’s gene diversity index (Duan et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. M. King & H. Robinson (syn. Eupatorium adenophorum , Asteraceae) is native to Mexico but a noxious invasive perennial forb in Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe and the USA (Shrestha, Wilson & Gay 2008; Muniappan, Raman & Reddy 2009). Ageratina has been spreading extensively in the lower and mid‐Himalayan regions of India since its introduction in 19th century (Kaushal et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A quicker return energy-use strategy by populations of a subtropical invader in the non-native range: a potential mechanism for the evolution of increased competitive ability

Feng

Wang

et al. 2011

Journal of Ecology

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Summary1. Many studies testing the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis have focused on whether plants from invasive populations of a species show reduced allocation to defence and increased allocation to growth than plants from native populations. But few have attempted to understand ecophysiological mechanisms by which decreased allocation to defence may increase growth. 2. Previously, we found that invasive Ageratina adenophora plants increase nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis and reduce allocation to cell walls compared with native Ageratina plants, suggesting a shift from defence to growth in invasive populations. Here, carrying this work forward, we measured construction costs and benefits associated with photosynthesis at light saturation to leaves. We hypothesized that invasive Ageratina populations might employ a quicker return energyuse strategy by increasing light-saturated photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) and by decreasing leaf construction costs. 3. Faster-growing plants from invasive populations (China and India) had significantly higher leaf nitrogen concentrations and specific leaf areas than plants from native populations (Mexico). Inconsistent with our prediction, leaf construction costs were not significantly different between plants from invasive and native populations, but higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates and in turn higher PEUE resulted in a significantly shorter payback time of construction costs, which allowed plants from invasive populations to grow faster. 4. Synthesis. Our results indicate that Ageratina plants from populations in non-native ranges have a distinct quick return energy-use strategy, a high PEUE and a short payback time but not lower construction costs, which might provide a mechanistic explanation for the commonly observed increase in growth when plants are introduced to new parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare energy-use strategy for plants from invasive and native populations of a noxious invasive species. We cannot exclude some alternative hypotheses for these patterns, such as founder effects, but these ecophysiological differences might provide mechanistic insight for how the evolution of decreased allocation to defence may increase growth and competitive ability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A quicker return energy-use strategy by populations of a subtropical invader in the non-native range: a potential mechanism for the evolution of increased competitive ability

Feng

Wang

et al. 2011

Journal of Ecology

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“…The basic feedstock was Eupatorium adenophorum , a very frequently occurring invasive forest shrub species that local people call “ban mara” (i.e. forest killer) [ 23 ] which is around 1–2 m high with stems up to 2 cm thick. Eupatorium was either pyrolyzed alone or blended with mixed firewood or rice husk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions and Char Quality of Flame-Curtain "Kon Tiki" Kilns for Farmer-Scale Charcoal/Biochar Production

Cornelissen

Pandit

Taylor³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

133

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Flame Curtain Biochar KilnsPyrolysis of organic waste or woody materials yields charcoal, a stable carbonaceous product that can be used for cooking or mixed into soil, in the latter case often termed "biochar". Traditional kiln technologies for charcoal production are slow and without treatment of the pyrolysis gases, resulting in emissions of gases (mainly methane and carbon monoxide) and aerosols that are both toxic and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. In retort kilns pyrolysis gases are led back to a combustion chamber. This can reduce emissions substantially, but is costly and consumes a considerable amount of valuable ignition material such as wood during start-up. To overcome these problems, a novel type of technology, the Kon-Tiki flame curtain pyrolysis, is proposed. This technology combines the simplicity of the traditional kiln with the combustion of pyrolysis gases in the flame curtain (similar to retort kilns), also avoiding use of external fuel for start-up.Biochar CharacteristicsA field study in Nepal using various feedstocks showed char yields of 22 ± 5% on a dry weight basis and 40 ± 11% on a C basis. Biochars with high C contents (76 ± 9%; n = 57), average surface areas (11 to 215 m2 g-1), low EPA16—PAHs (2.3 to 6.6 mg kg-1) and high CECs (43 to 217 cmolc/kg)(average for all feedstocks, mainly woody shrubs) were obtained, in compliance with the European Biochar Certificate (EBC).Gas Emission FactorsMean emission factors for the flame curtain kilns were (g kg-1 biochar for all feedstocks); CO2 = 4300 ± 1700, CO = 54 ± 35, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) = 6 ± 3, CH4 = 30 ± 60, aerosols (PM10) = 11 ± 15, total products of incomplete combustion (PIC) = 100 ± 83 and NOx = 0.4 ± 0.3. The flame curtain kilns emitted statistically significantly (p<0.05) lower amounts of CO, PIC and NOx than retort and traditional kilns, and higher amounts of CO2.ImplicationsWith benefits such as high quality biochar, low emission, no need for start-up fuel, fast pyrolysis time and, importantly, easy and cheap construction and operation the flame curtain technology represent a promising possibility for sustainable rural biochar production.

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“…The feedstock for the biochar production was Eupatorium adenophorum, a very frequently occurring invasive forest shrub species that local people call "ban mara" (i.e., forest killer) [43]. Due to the dry season, the shrubs were mostly dry and were pyrolyzed with all branches and leaves at 680-700 °C.…”

Section: Biochar Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourfold Increase in Pumpkin Yield in Response to Low-Dosage Root Zone Application of Urine-Enhanced Biochar to a Fertile Tropical Soil

Schmidt¹,

Pandit²,

et al. 2015

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A widely abundant and invasive forest shrub, Eupatorium adenophorum, was pyrolyzed in a cost-efficient flame curtain kiln to produce biochar. The resulting biochar fulfilled all the requirements for premium quality, according to the European Biochar Certificate. The biochar was either applied alone or mixed with fresh cow urine (1:1 volume) to test its capacity to serve as slow release fertilizer in a pumpkin field trial in Nepal. Treatments included cow-manure compost combined with (i) urine-only; (ii) biochar-only or (iii) urine-loaded biochar. All materials were applied directly to the root zone at a biochar dry matter content of 750 kg·ha with the treatment where only urine was applied, and an 85% increase compared with the biochar-only treatment. This study showed for the first time that a low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar led to substantial yield increases in a fertile silt loam soil. This was tentatively explained by the formation of organic coating of inner pore biochar surfaces by the urine impregnation, which improved the capacity of the biochar to capture and exchange plant nutrients.

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Ecological and Environmental Study of <i>Eupatorium adenophorum</i> Sprengel (Banmara) with Reference to its Gall Formation in Gorkha-Langtang Route, Nepal

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

A quicker return energy-use strategy by populations of a subtropical invader in the non-native range: a potential mechanism for the evolution of increased competitive ability

A quicker return energy-use strategy by populations of a subtropical invader in the non-native range: a potential mechanism for the evolution of increased competitive ability

Emissions and Char Quality of Flame-Curtain "Kon Tiki" Kilns for Farmer-Scale Charcoal/Biochar Production

Fourfold Increase in Pumpkin Yield in Response to Low-Dosage Root Zone Application of Urine-Enhanced Biochar to a Fertile Tropical Soil

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