Ecological and environmental context shape the differential effects of a facilitator in its native and invaded ranges

Abstract

Non-indigenous species often exhibit disproportionately strong negative effects in their introduced range compared to their native range, and much research has been devoted to understanding the role of shared evolutionary history, or lack thereof, in driving these differences. Less studied is whether non-indigenous species, particularly those that are important as facilitators in their native range, have persistent positive effects in their invaded range despite a lack of a shared evolutionary history with the invaded community. Here, we manipulated the density of a habitat-forming facilitator, the high intertidal acorn barnacle Balanus glandula, factorially with herbivore density in its native range (Bluestone Point, British Columbia, Canada) and invaded range (Punta Ameghino, Chubut Province, Argentina) to determine how this facilitator differentially affects associated species at these two locations. Given that high intertidal species at Punta Ameghino (PA) are evolutionarily naïve to barnacles, we predicted that the positive effects of B. glandula at PA would absent or weak compared to those at Bluestone Point (BP). However, we found that B. glandula had an equally positive effect on herbivore biomass at PA compared to BP, possibly because the moisture-retaining properties of barnacle bed habitats are particularly important in seasonally dry Patagonia. Barnacle presence indirectly decreased ephemeral algal cover at BP by increasing grazer pressure, but barnacles instead facilitated ephemeral algae at PA. In contrast, B. glandula increased perennial algal cover at BP, but generally decreased perennial algal cover at PA, likely due to differences in dominant algal morphology. These results suggest that shared evolutionary history is not a prerequisite for strong facilitation to occur, but rather that the nature and strength of novel species interactions are determined by the traits of associated species and the environment in which they occur.

Ecological and environmental context shape the differential effects of a facilitator in its native and invaded ranges

“…All data, both raw and clean, along with code and metadata (Hesketh et al. 2021) are available in Figshare: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14675361. A reproducible R project with associated data and scripts is accessible through Github and archived on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4792517.…”

“…Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/ecy.3478/suppinfo OPEN RESEARCH All data, both raw and clean, along with code and metadata (Hesketh et al 2021) are available in Figshare: https://doi.org/10. 6084/m9.figshare.14675361.…”