(Eco)Toxicology of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: From Environmental Dynamics to Adverse Effects

Vilar, Mauro Cesar Palmeira; Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da Silva

doi:10.3390/toxics10110648

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Global warming and human-driven eutrophication accelerate the occurrence of cyanobacteria in surface waters by means of establishing optimal conditions for them to thrive [ 1 ]. Higher temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus availability stimulate the growth of these microorganisms and can eventually lead to their massive blooms [ 2 , 3 ]. According to the CyanoMetDB database, over 2000 cyanobacterial metabolites have been identified, including, among others, microcystins, cyanopeptolins, other depsipeptides, anabaenopeptins, microginins, aeruginosins, cyclamides, cryptophycins, STXs, spumigins, microviridins, and anatoxins [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicity of various cyanobacterial metabolites remains yet to be studied [ 5 , 6 ]. The most studied metabolites produced by cyanobacteria include hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs), neurotoxic anatoxin-a (ATX-a), saxitoxins (STX) and beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), cytotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and dermatotoxic lyngbyatoxins and aplysiatoxins [ 2 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these, MCs are the most commonly studied [ 2 ]. Due to the different compositions of the two variable protein amino acids, over 100 MC variants have been discovered [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to STXs may lead to cardiac arrhythmias since these compounds block calcium and potassium channels [ 17 ]. In acute cases, STXs paralyze respiratory muscles and cause death due to the selective inhibition of sodium channels [ 2 ]. CYN is a cyanobacterial cytotoxin produced by various cyanobacteria belonging to Raphidiopsis , Chrysosporum, and Aphanizomenon genera.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish

Falfushynska

Kasianchuk

Siemens

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Global warming and human-induced eutrophication drive the occurrence of various cyanotoxins in aquatic environments. These metabolites reveal diversified mechanisms of action, encompassing cyto-, neuro-, hepato-, nephro-, and neurotoxicity, and pose a threat to aquatic biota and human health. In the present paper, we review data on the occurrence of the most studied cyanotoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins, and saxitoxins, in the aquatic environment, as well as their potential bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Microcystins are the most studied among all known cyanotoxins, although other toxic cyanobacterial metabolites are also commonly identified in aquatic environments and can reveal high toxicity in fish. Except for primary toxicity signs, cyanotoxins adversely affect the antioxidant system and anti-/pro-oxidant balance. Cyanotoxins also negatively impact the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, fish exposed to microcystins and cylindrospermopsin exhibit various immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and endocrine responses. Even though cyanotoxins exert a complex pressure on fish, numerous aspects are yet to be the subject of in-depth investigation. Metabolites other than microcystins should be studied more thoroughly to understand the long-term effects in fish and provide a robust background for monitoring and management actions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these, MCs are the most commonly studied [ 2 ]. Due to the different compositions of the two variable protein amino acids, over 100 MC variants have been discovered [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish

Falfushynska

Kasianchuk

Siemens

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Human activities, such as agriculture, industrialization, and urbanization, have contributed to the global occurrence of eutrophication. The phenomenon has been becoming increasingly frequent and severe over time as a result of climate change [ 1 , 2 ]. Algal blooms, including those of cyanobacteria, diatoms, and green microalgae, can greatly degrade water quality by raising pH levels, increasing turbidity, and reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection By-Products Formation from Chlor(am)ination of Algal Organic Matter of Chlorella sorokiniana

Leite

Santos

Paschoalato

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Eutrophication in water reservoirs releases algal organic matter (AOM), which is an important precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water treatment. Chlorella sorokiniana is a microalgae which flourishes under conditions of high light intensity and temperature, thus its prevalence in algal blooms is expected to increase with climate change. However, Chlorella sorokiniana AOM has not been previously investigated as a DBP precursor. In this context, this study evaluated the effect of AOM concentration, humic acid (HA), and pH on DBP formation from chlor(am)ination of AOM Chlorella sorokiniana. DBP yields determined by linear regression for trichloromethane (TCM) and chloral hydrate (CH) were 57.9 and 46.0 µg·mg DOC−1 in chlorination, while the TCM, CH, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP), and chloropicrin (CPN) concentrations were 33.6, 29.8, 16.7, 2.1, and 1.2 µg·mg DOC−1 in chloramination. Chloramination reduced the formation of TCM and CH but increased CPN, DCAN, and 1,1,1-TCP yields. AOM Chlorella sorokiniana showed a higher DBP formation than 9 of 11 algae species previously investigated in the literature. At basic pH, the concentration of TCM increased while the concentration of other DBP classes decreased. Bromide was effectively incorporated into the AOM structure and high values of bromine incorporation factor were found for THM (1.81–1.89) and HAN (1.32) at 1.5 mg Br·L−1. Empirical models predicted successfully the formation of THM and HAN (R2 > 0.86). The bromide concentration had more impact in the model on the DBP formation than AOM and HA. These results provide the first insights into the DBP formation from AOM chlor(am)ination of Chlorella sorokiniana.

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Algal food safety: Possible contaminations, challenges of harmonized quality assessments, and suggested recommendations for the nascent industry of microalgae-based products

Salehipour-Bavarsad,

Nematollahi,

Pistocchi

et al. 2024

Algal Research

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(Eco)Toxicology of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: From Environmental Dynamics to Adverse Effects

Abstract: The problem of artificial eutrophication, together with the effects of climate changes has led to an increase in the frequency of the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms [...]

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish

A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish

Disinfection By-Products Formation from Chlor(am)ination of Algal Organic Matter of Chlorella sorokiniana

Algal food safety: Possible contaminations, challenges of harmonized quality assessments, and suggested recommendations for the nascent industry of microalgae-based products

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