Eco‐friendly synthesis of ZnO nanorods using Cycas pschannae plant extract with excellent photocatalytic, antioxidant, and anticancer nanomedicine for lung cancer treatment

Abstract

The tunable ZnO nanorods (NRs) are produced due to the phytochemicals present in Cycas pschannae leaves which act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The confirmations of the ZnO NRs were validated using different characterization techniques: X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy–Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis (EDX), UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The ZnO NRs show unique surface area and low particle size. Photocatalytic activity was measured and found to be 50.75% at low concentrations and 78.33% at high concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the ZnO NRs also showed promising results for their use in free radical scavenging. In vitro toxicity studies using zebrafish embryos was performed to evaluate the toxic nature of it and the obtained result confirmed its non‐toxic nature. In addition, ZnO anticancer potential was verified using the A549 lung cancer cell line. Cytotoxic assessments of ZnO NRs were performed via 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide (XTT), 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red uptake assays to examine the cell death cycle on the A549 lung cancer cell. Dose‐dependent apoptosis and necrosis were confirmed by Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. It was also confirmed that ZnO NRs induce Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis inside cancer (A549) cells via different intrinsic gene expression. Thus, based on this research it is evident that an effective ecofriendly, nontoxic potential anticancer drug can be synthesized using C. pschannae leaf extract.

Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles

“…The absorption edge in the range of 340-375 nm also suggests a narrow particle size distribution. The present result is well consistent with the previous reports [78,79]. The high absorption of light energy (UV or visible) is an essential requirement for a photocatalyst to carry out the photocatalytic reaction.…”

Optimization and green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle using Garcinia cambogia leaf and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer property in kidney cancer (A498) cell lines

“…XTT assay is a modified assay of MTT viability tested by the conversion of XTT into XTT formazan through the mitochondrial enzyme. Like MTT assay, the XTT assay was also time-and dose-dependent (17).…”

“…The cytotoxic activity of the aqueous extracts of GC and ZnO NPs was evaluated using MTT (3-(4, 5dimethylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and XTT assay by following Sudha et al, 2020 with slight modifications (17). Briefly, A498 human kidney cancer cells and HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells were seeded at a density of 1 ×10 4 cells per well in 96-well flat-bottom micro plate and maintained at 37ºC in 95% humidity and 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere for overnight before the treatment.…”

Citric Acid-Mediated Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mesoporous F-Doped HAp Nanorods from Bio-Waste for Biocidal Implant Applications

“…The embryos were added to 100 mL of Hank’s suspension along with different ratios of F-doped HAp and pure HAp powders. The embryos were incubated under controlled conditions and they were observed by using a 40× bright-field microscope at each 24 h period until 96 h for the generation of organs such as eyes, tail, heads, and liver [ 44 ]. For this assay, the water is regulated at a controlled temperature of 24 °C.…”