Eco-Friendly Extraction of Thevetia peruviana Oil: A Synergistic Approach of d-Limonene and Ultrasound Activation

Abstract

The increase in the demand for nonfood applications of vegetable oil within the context of a green economy has made it imperative to explore energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly extraction methods that uphold sustainability. This study compares the efficiency of Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques for extracting Thevetia peruviana oil using hexane and d-limonene as solvents. The findings demonstrate that UAE outperformed Soxhlet extraction, yielding 64.6% compared to 55.6% at 80 °C and a solvent–seed ratio of 20 mL/g. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed that sonication improved extraction efficiency by increasing the surface area of the pulverized seed. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization of UAE with hexane resulted in a yield of 72.8% using an extraction time of 45 min, an 80 °C temperature, and a solvent–seed ratio of 15. UAE with d-limonene achieved a yield of 67.2% using a temperature of 80 °C, a solvent–seed ratio of 16, and an extraction time of 49 min. NMR analysis indicated the potential for solvent recycling, while GC-MS analyses show that the oil extract of d-limonene has a similar composition to that of hexane. This study provides insights into the efficiency, quality, and environmental sustainability of T. peruviana oil extraction using d-limonene and ultrasound techniques.

Nonedible Thevetia peruviana Oil for the Synthesis of Biobased Thermosets and Vitrimers with Tunable Mechanical Properties

“…These include the repulsion between aqueous and oil phases during the reaction (Scheme ) and limited mass transfer of triglyceride molecules to the catalytic sites within the resin pores . The representation in Scheme exclusively illustrates the portion of the oil that has undergone epoxidation, specifically focusing on the unsaturated fatty acid content, as determined through the GC-MS analysis . The oil was estimated to have 47% oleic acid, 9.6% linoleic acid, and 13.5% linolenic acid.…”

“…Although it currently has no economic value, its average yield per hectare and seed oil content are higher compared to other major oil plants . We have reported the optimization of the eco-friendly extraction of the oil and its composition somewhere else . Acidic ion-exchange resin (AIER) catalytic epoxidation of TPO and its use in synthesizing biobased thermosets and vitrimers are reported for the first time.…”