“…5 (d) peaks between 3310 cm −1 ∼ and 610 cm −1 for the following methanol and ethanol extract are similar to that of methanol and ethanol alone. The characteristic peaks are similar to those of anthraquinone-containing compounds previously reported [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] . Fig.…”
“…5 (d) peaks between 3310 cm −1 ∼ and 610 cm −1 for the following methanol and ethanol extract are similar to that of methanol and ethanol alone. The characteristic peaks are similar to those of anthraquinone-containing compounds previously reported [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] . Fig.…”
“…Natural dyes are flavonoids, anthocyanidins, carotenoids, quinonoids, benzoquinone, naphthoquinone and anthraquinoids. Tannins are flavonoids extracted from the bark of various plants including Biancaea sappan , 6 cinnamon, 7 Ziziphus , 8 and Dalbergia sissoo , 9 leaves of Berberis thunbergia , 10 and pomegranate, 11 flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa , 12 Hibiscus rosasinensis , 13 Crocus sativus , 14 and skins/peel of Citrus sinensis L. 15 The natural dyes extracted from fruits studied for wool fibre dyeing may include myrobalan, 16 chamomile, 17 peanut shell, 18 and anthocyanin pigments extracted from the peel/skins of various fruits, including red cabbage, 19 and dragon-berries. 20 Tannins and other flavonoids are advantageous as some of them have antioxidant and antibacterial properties that make the treated fabric multifunctional.…”
Biodegradable sulphonated lignin (SL) can be used as a natural dye for the sustainable colouration of wool fabric. for producing brown shades on wool fabric, but the colourfastness to washing...
“…Tannins extracted from barks of various plants, including Ziziphus, cinnamon, walnuts, Azolla pinnata extract, and Cassia reingera, were found suitable for the dyeing of wool fiber. Natural dyes extracted from leaves of pomegranate, Berberis thunbergia, hibiscus flowers, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Crocus sativus, skins/peel of Citrus sinensis L., and various fruits, including myrobalan, chamomiles, and peanut shell, are also studied as an alternative to synthetic dyes. Anthocyanin pigments extracted from peels/skins of various fruits, including Brassica oleracea L., purple sweet potatoes, red cabbages, and dragon berries, have been studied for the dying of wool that produces a variety of colors.…”
Lignin is an abundant and complex biopolymer with inherent color but has only a few applications. It has the potential to replace synthetic acid dyes for the coloration of wool fibers in brown shades, as traditional dyeing with acid dyes produces toxic effluent needing costly treatment. In this work, the valorization of sulfonated lignin was explored by using it as a natural dye for the coloration of wool fabrics alone and with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The dyed fabrics were characterized by reflectance and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies to assess the color yield and ultraviolet (UV) protection performance, respectively. The dyed fabrics exhibited reasonably good color yield and satisfactory colorfastness to washing (Grade 3/4), which improved to Grade 4 by the oxidation treatment with H 2 O 2 . The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that when fabrics are dyed alone with lignin, deposition of lignin particles is visible on the fiber surface, but with hydrogen peroxide, no deposition of lignin is visible on the fiber surface, and the color strength of the fabric became almost double. The UV light transmission through the fabric decreased from 6.73 and 13.23% at 311 and 365 nm to 2.19 and 5.23%, respectively. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of the dyed fabrics showed increased absorption of lignin sulfonate by the fabric, suggesting depolymerization of lignin by H 2 O 2 to smaller macromolecules easing absorption into the wool fiber. Lignin sulfonate could be a cheap and sustainable alternative to harmful synthetic dyes for producing brown shades on wool fabric.
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