Echovirus Type 22 Outbreak Associated with Gastro-Intestinal Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Birenbaum, Emanuel; Handsher, Rachel; Kuint, Jacob; Dagan, Ron; Raichman, Brian; Mendelson, Ella; Linder, Nehama

doi:10.1055/s-2007-994182

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In most of these, diarrhoea has been the predominant symptom. 51,64,65 WHO data showed that 29% of all the reported 581 cases of HPeV1 infections were from patients with gastroenteritis, 51 and a retrospective investigation of 109 Swedish children with HPeV1 infection demonstrated diarrhoea as most common clinical finding (32% of cases), 64 of which over 50% were acquired nosocomially. In addition, HPeV2 has been observed in four patients when the aetiology of nosocomial gastroenteritis in Sweden over a period of 40 years was studied.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Human parechoviruses: Biology, epidemiology and clinical significance

Harvala¹,

Simmonds²

2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

182

145

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Section: Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Human parechoviruses: Biology, epidemiology and clinical significance

Harvala¹,

Simmonds²

2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

182

145

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“…Respiratory symptoms have also been described. It may as well cause more serious infections including necrotizing enterocolitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis and aseptic meningitis [Maller et al, 1967;Russell and Bell, 1970;Figueroa et al, 1989;Koskiniemi et al, 1989;Birenbaum et al, 1997]. HPeV2 infections are rare compared to HPeV1 infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human parechovirus 1 infections in young children—no association with type 1 diabetes

Tauriainen

Martiskainen

Oikarinen

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Virology

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The epidemiology, transmission and clinical symptoms of human parechoviruses [HPeV, classified earlier as enteroviruses; echovirus 22 (HPeV1) and echovirus 23 (HPeV2)] remain poorly characterized. Enteroviruses and one parechovirus species, the Ljungan virus, have been associated with type 1 diabetes in humans and rodents. The occurrence of human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) infections in young children and their possible association with type 1 diabetes was evaluated. The prospective birth cohort study comprised 221 Finnish children carrying genetic type 1 diabetes susceptibility and who were observed from birth. Thirty-four children developed multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies, and 18 children progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes during the follow-up. HPeV1 infections were diagnosed by measuring neutralizing antibodies from the follow-up sera taken every 3-12 months. In addition, viral RNA was analysed by RT-PCR from stool samples taken every month from six of the participants. HPeV1 infections were found to occur early in childhood. The median age of infection was 18 months and 20% of the children had had an infection by the age of 1 year. The number of infections started to increase from the age of 6 months and most children had their first infection by 36 months. Nearly all (99%) mothers were HPeV1 antibody positive. No difference was found in infection frequency between boys and girls, nor between prediabetic, diabetic and control subjects. Most infections (87%) occurred during autumn, winter and spring.

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“…5 As incidentally reported in case reports and in small studies, HPeV1 has been associated with myocarditis, 9,10 encephalitis, 11 encephalomyelitis, 12 acute flaccid paralysis, 13 sudden infant death, 14 and necrotising enterocolitis. 15 The prevalence of HPeV1 is high in young children. 3,4,16 As was revealed in a longitudinal study, most children become seropositive before the age of 2 years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful IVIG Treatment of Human Parechovirus-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy in an Infant

et al. 2013

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Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are closely related to human enteroviruses and exhibit many similarities in disease spectrum and symptoms. HPeV1 is most commonly associated with mild disease, but rare associations with severe disease such as myocarditis have been reported. Currently, no treatment is available for severe HPeV infections. In this case report we describe an infant with a severe, dilated cardiomyopathy in whom HPeV1 was revealed to be the only identifiable cause. The infant was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) and recovered completely. In vivo blood samples revealed a high HPeV1 antibody titer after treatment with IVIGs. In vitro IVIGs contained high titers of neutralizing antibodies against HPeV1. Our hypothesis is that patients with myocarditis caused by viruses with a high prevalence in the population and hence high antibody titers in IVIGs are likely to benefit from treatment with IVIGs. More research combining virological and clinical data is needed to see whether this hypothesis is true.

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Echovirus Type 22 Outbreak Associated with Gastro-Intestinal Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Cited by 65 publications

References 6 publications

Human parechoviruses: Biology, epidemiology and clinical significance

Human parechoviruses: Biology, epidemiology and clinical significance

Human parechovirus 1 infections in young children—no association with type 1 diabetes

Successful IVIG Treatment of Human Parechovirus-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy in an Infant

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